本文主要研究内容
作者张英英(2019)在《PM2.5暴露诱导心脏毒性及其相关分子机制研究》一文中研究指出:近三十年来,大气污染引发的健康问题一直是全世界关注的焦点以及科学研究的热点。其中,大气细颗粒物PM2.5(空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的颗粒物)作为雾霾的主要成分,是其所致健康效应的主要指标。PM2.5主要来源于日常发电、化工生产、汽车尾气排放等,其比表面积大,成分复杂,这些成分复杂的大气细颗粒物与硫氧化物(SOx)、氮氧化物(NOx)等气态污染物在大气中发生复杂的化学反应后生成二次颗粒物,对人体健康产生毒性效应。众多流行病学和实验研究表明,PM2.5不仅对呼吸系统造成损害,引起肺部疾病,还会通过血液循环对神经系统以及心血管系统(CVS)产生不良影响,导致心脑血管疾病,尤以儿童和老年人最为敏感。近期研究提示,除传统的本体接触外,胎源性暴露可能是造成健康危害不可忽视的过程,但相关研究还缺乏暴露和调控水平的实验证据。因此,本部分研究内容首先基于重金属毒性组分的源解析和健康风险评估建立PM2.5暴露-细胞毒性评价模型,评价具有地域特殊性的PM2.5暴露对心肌细胞损伤的季节性差异并揭示相关分子过程;进一步以PM2.5诱导心脏损伤为核心,按照不同年龄的“横向”易感性和母体-子代遗传的“纵向”效应深入探讨PM2.5对心脏损伤的年龄性别差异,最后,对PM2.5,SO2和NO2复合暴露诱导的心脏损伤效应进行初步探究。1、重金属作为PM2.5毒性成分之一,由于其不可降解性和生物富集效应,对心血管疾病(CVD)的发病率和死亡率有重大贡献。因此,典型地域PM2.5中重金属的检测、来源解析对研究其所致心脏损伤效应具有重要意义。因此,第一部分实验中,在监测我国华北地区典型燃煤城市-太原四季PM2.5浓度的基础上,我们利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析PM2.5中常见8种重金属(Cr,Ni,Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn,Mn和Co)的含量,富集因子(EF)法以及主成分分析(PCA)法分析PM2.5中重金属的大致来源,并对PM2.5中重金属进行非致癌风险评估。结果表明,PM2.5的整体浓度和其中重金属的浓度都呈现相同的季节依赖性趋势,春冬季节较夏秋季节浓度高,燃煤来源的重金属对非致癌风险值贡献最大,且儿童的风险明显高于成人。基于PM2.5中重金属成分对CVD发病率和死亡率的重大贡献以及心肌细胞凋亡在CVD发病中重要作用,我们建立体外细胞染毒模型,对H9C2心肌细胞进行四季PM2.5(10μg/mL)染毒,从定性和定量角度考察PM2.5对心肌细胞凋亡的影响,并进一步用冬季不同浓度的PM2.5(0,1,3和10μg/mL)对心肌细胞进行染毒,从氧化应激、炎性反应等方面解释PM2.5诱导心肌细胞凋亡的具体分子机制。结果显示,PM2.5能够诱发心肌细胞凋亡,p53和bax表达升高,bcl-2降低,呈现季节性差异,春冬季节效应显著,活性氧(ROS)升高引起的氧化损伤以及细胞粘附分子(ICAM-1)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)引发的炎性响应参与了心肌细胞凋亡的分子调控。这一研究结果为解析地域特殊性的PM2.5重金属毒性组分,从而实现重大贡献组分的有效控制提供了实验证据。2、流行病学和实验证据表明,PM2.5经呼吸进入体内,通过血液循环对CVS产生不利影响,诱发心律不齐、高血压、冠心病、心衰甚至猝死,尤以老年人和儿童发病居多。因此,不同生命阶段PM2.5暴露与心脏损伤易感性的考察以及相关分子调控过程的深入解析尤为重要。本部分研究中,我们首先对不同生命阶段,即幼年(4周龄),成年(4月龄)和中老年(10月龄)的C57BL/6小鼠进行3 mg/kg体重的冬季PM2.5暴露,隔天1次,持续4周。采用超声心动图考察PM2.5对不同年龄段小鼠心脏结构功能的改变,借助实时荧光定量反转录酶-聚合酶链锁反应(RT-PCR)技术阐明幼年小鼠易感机制,利用气相色谱-液相色谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析中老年小鼠心脏代谢谱的变化情况,进一步预测相关代谢调控过程并进行初步验证。结果发现,相较于成年小鼠,中老年小鼠对PM2.5较易感,幼年次之。进一步的分子调控探讨表明,PM2.5暴露通过引起幼年小鼠心脏特异性转录因子Nkx2.5和GATA4的表达上升,激活下游靶基因心房利尿钠肽(ANP),脑钠肽(BNP)和β-肌动蛋白(β-MHC)的表达从而诱发心肌肥厚;PM2.5暴露显著影响中老年小鼠心脏代谢物的改变,主要涉及能量代谢、脂肪酸代谢以及氨基酸代谢通路。这部分的研究结果为PM2.5暴露条件下不同生命阶段心脏损伤的诊断研究提供了实验证据。3、成人疾病胎源学说(FOAD)认为,成人疾病的发生可能来源于胎儿期子宫内环境的改变,导致生长发育受损,甚至有可能增加成年后的患病风险。以往研究表明,PM2.5能够穿过母体血气屏障和胎盘屏障,影响胎儿发育。已有流行病学证据表明,母体妊娠期颗粒物暴露可引起左心发育不全、室间隔缺损(VSD)、心血管畸形等不良出生结局,造成儿童心脏功能障碍,增加孩童时期多种CVD的患病风险。然此类研究主要集中于流行病学或者出生后某个发育时间点的生物效应研究,缺乏出生后心脏发育过程中不同时间点的系统跟踪研究,以及相关分子调控机制的深入探讨。因此,在本部分的研究中,我们对妊娠期C57BL/6小鼠进行PM2.5暴露(3 mg/kg),隔天1次,持续整个妊娠期。在子代小鼠出生后(PND)1、7、14和21天分别考察心脏结构功能的变化,并且收集心脏组织进行相关的生物学检测。研究结果发现,孕期PM2.5暴露能够引起子代PND1和PND7小鼠性别差异性的心肌结构肥厚和功能下降,伴随着心肌肥厚标志性因子ANP,BNP和β-MHC的mRNA表达的升高,仅雌性小鼠呈现显著差异。此外,激活这些标志因子的关键转录基因GATA4亦高表达于PND1和PND7的暴露组雌性小鼠,调控GATA4表达的microRNA(miR-200c-3p)也相应呈现下降趋势。这一结果为孕期颗粒物暴露与子代性别易感性心脏损伤的研究提供了比较系统的证据,并且提示microRNA可能参与了这一调控过程。4、复杂的空气污染对各种CVD的诱发一直是困扰民众健康的重大问题。就目前研究来看,尤以PM2.5,SOx和NOx这三类污染物最为常见。尽可能地模拟实际大气污染物的复合暴露研究对污染物总体控制和CVD的预防诊断具有重要意义。因此,在本部分研究中,我们基于国家二级浓度标准限值,设计两种不同浓度组合的PM2.5,SO2和NO2对C57BL/6小鼠进行复合暴露(0.5 mg/m3SO2,0.2 mg/m3NO2(6 h/d,4周),1 mg/kg PM2.5(隔天1次);或3.5 mg/m3SO2,2 mg/m3NO2,3 mg/kg PM2.5)。在统计脏体比例的基础上,利用BP-2010A小动物心电血压检测系统考察小鼠心率(HR)和血压(BP)的变化,并进一步从组织病理、超微结构、炎性反应和内皮损伤等多个角度考察复合暴露对心脏组织的毒性作用。结果表明,PM2.5,SO2和NO2复合暴露可浓度依赖性地诱导小鼠HR升高、BP下降,并伴随着线粒体膜损伤、嵴断裂和线粒体溶解等超微结构改变。与此同时,暴露组心肌组织呈现浓度依赖性的纤维排列紊乱、间隙变宽、细胞核肿胀、炎性细胞浸润、以及细胞炎性因子白介素(IL-6),肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α),环氧化酶(COX-2)和iNOS表达水平的升高,且较低浓度就出现显著性差异。此外,内皮细胞因子内皮素(ET-1)和内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)的表达也出现失衡。我们的结果提示,复合大气污染条件下,即使单独浓度在较低水平,也会产生不可忽视的生物损伤,这为复杂大气条件下污染物的控制提供了实验依据。本研究首先基于重金属毒性组分建立PM2.5暴露-细胞毒性评价模型,评价具有地域特殊性的PM2.5暴露诱导心肌细胞损伤的季节性差异以及分子调控机制;进一步利用整体实验动物模型探讨PM2.5暴露诱导不同生命阶段小鼠心脏损伤的易感性差异以及相关的分子生物过程改变;在此基础上,基于FOAD学说考察孕期PM2.5暴露对子代小鼠心脏结构功能损伤的生物学效应及其可能的分子调控机制;最后,对PM2.5,SO2和NO2复合暴露诱导的心脏损伤效应进行初步探究,为污染区域污染控制和健康防护提供新思路。
Abstract
jin san shi nian lai ,da qi wu ran yin fa de jian kang wen ti yi zhi shi quan shi jie guan zhu de jiao dian yi ji ke xue yan jiu de re dian 。ji zhong ,da qi xi ke li wu PM2.5(kong qi dong li xue zhi jing ≤2.5μmde ke li wu )zuo wei wu mai de zhu yao cheng fen ,shi ji suo zhi jian kang xiao ying de zhu yao zhi biao 。PM2.5zhu yao lai yuan yu ri chang fa dian 、hua gong sheng chan 、qi che wei qi pai fang deng ,ji bi biao mian ji da ,cheng fen fu za ,zhe xie cheng fen fu za de da qi xi ke li wu yu liu yang hua wu (SOx)、dan yang hua wu (NOx)deng qi tai wu ran wu zai da qi zhong fa sheng fu za de hua xue fan ying hou sheng cheng er ci ke li wu ,dui ren ti jian kang chan sheng du xing xiao ying 。zhong duo liu hang bing xue he shi yan yan jiu biao ming ,PM2.5bu jin dui hu xi ji tong zao cheng sun hai ,yin qi fei bu ji bing ,hai hui tong guo xie ye xun huan dui shen jing ji tong yi ji xin xie guan ji tong (CVS)chan sheng bu liang ying xiang ,dao zhi xin nao xie guan ji bing ,you yi er tong he lao nian ren zui wei min gan 。jin ji yan jiu di shi ,chu chuan tong de ben ti jie chu wai ,tai yuan xing bao lou ke neng shi zao cheng jian kang wei hai bu ke hu shi de guo cheng ,dan xiang guan yan jiu hai que fa bao lou he diao kong shui ping de shi yan zheng ju 。yin ci ,ben bu fen yan jiu nei rong shou xian ji yu chong jin shu du xing zu fen de yuan jie xi he jian kang feng xian ping gu jian li PM2.5bao lou -xi bao du xing ping jia mo xing ,ping jia ju you de yu te shu xing de PM2.5bao lou dui xin ji xi bao sun shang de ji jie xing cha yi bing jie shi xiang guan fen zi guo cheng ;jin yi bu yi PM2.5you dao xin zang sun shang wei he xin ,an zhao bu tong nian ling de “heng xiang ”yi gan xing he mu ti -zi dai wei chuan de “zong xiang ”xiao ying shen ru tan tao PM2.5dui xin zang sun shang de nian ling xing bie cha yi ,zui hou ,dui PM2.5,SO2he NO2fu ge bao lou you dao de xin zang sun shang xiao ying jin hang chu bu tan jiu 。1、chong jin shu zuo wei PM2.5du xing cheng fen zhi yi ,you yu ji bu ke jiang jie xing he sheng wu fu ji xiao ying ,dui xin xie guan ji bing (CVD)de fa bing lv he si wang lv you chong da gong suo 。yin ci ,dian xing de yu PM2.5zhong chong jin shu de jian ce 、lai yuan jie xi dui yan jiu ji suo zhi xin zang sun shang xiao ying ju you chong yao yi yi 。yin ci ,di yi bu fen shi yan zhong ,zai jian ce wo guo hua bei de ou dian xing ran mei cheng shi -tai yuan si ji PM2.5nong du de ji chu shang ,wo men li yong dian gan ou ge deng li zi ti zhi pu yi (ICP-MS)fen xi PM2.5zhong chang jian 8chong chong jin shu (Cr,Ni,Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn,Mnhe Co)de han liang ,fu ji yin zi (EF)fa yi ji zhu cheng fen fen xi (PCA)fa fen xi PM2.5zhong chong jin shu de da zhi lai yuan ,bing dui PM2.5zhong chong jin shu jin hang fei zhi ai feng xian ping gu 。jie guo biao ming ,PM2.5de zheng ti nong du he ji zhong chong jin shu de nong du dou cheng xian xiang tong de ji jie yi lai xing qu shi ,chun dong ji jie jiao xia qiu ji jie nong du gao ,ran mei lai yuan de chong jin shu dui fei zhi ai feng xian zhi gong suo zui da ,ju er tong de feng xian ming xian gao yu cheng ren 。ji yu PM2.5zhong chong jin shu cheng fen dui CVDfa bing lv he si wang lv de chong da gong suo yi ji xin ji xi bao diao wang zai CVDfa bing zhong chong yao zuo yong ,wo men jian li ti wai xi bao ran du mo xing ,dui H9C2xin ji xi bao jin hang si ji PM2.5(10μg/mL)ran du ,cong ding xing he ding liang jiao du kao cha PM2.5dui xin ji xi bao diao wang de ying xiang ,bing jin yi bu yong dong ji bu tong nong du de PM2.5(0,1,3he 10μg/mL)dui xin ji xi bao jin hang ran du ,cong yang hua ying ji 、yan xing fan ying deng fang mian jie shi PM2.5you dao xin ji xi bao diao wang de ju ti fen zi ji zhi 。jie guo xian shi ,PM2.5neng gou you fa xin ji xi bao diao wang ,p53he baxbiao da sheng gao ,bcl-2jiang di ,cheng xian ji jie xing cha yi ,chun dong ji jie xiao ying xian zhe ,huo xing yang (ROS)sheng gao yin qi de yang hua sun shang yi ji xi bao nian fu fen zi (ICAM-1)he you dao xing yi yang hua dan ge mei (iNOS)yin fa de yan xing xiang ying can yu le xin ji xi bao diao wang de fen zi diao kong 。zhe yi yan jiu jie guo wei jie xi de yu te shu xing de PM2.5chong jin shu du xing zu fen ,cong er shi xian chong da gong suo zu fen de you xiao kong zhi di gong le shi yan zheng ju 。2、liu hang bing xue he shi yan zheng ju biao ming ,PM2.5jing hu xi jin ru ti nei ,tong guo xie ye xun huan dui CVSchan sheng bu li ying xiang ,you fa xin lv bu ji 、gao xie ya 、guan xin bing 、xin cui shen zhi cu si ,you yi lao nian ren he er tong fa bing ju duo 。yin ci ,bu tong sheng ming jie duan PM2.5bao lou yu xin zang sun shang yi gan xing de kao cha yi ji xiang guan fen zi diao kong guo cheng de shen ru jie xi you wei chong yao 。ben bu fen yan jiu zhong ,wo men shou xian dui bu tong sheng ming jie duan ,ji you nian (4zhou ling ),cheng nian (4yue ling )he zhong lao nian (10yue ling )de C57BL/6xiao shu jin hang 3 mg/kgti chong de dong ji PM2.5bao lou ,ge tian 1ci ,chi xu 4zhou 。cai yong chao sheng xin dong tu kao cha PM2.5dui bu tong nian ling duan xiao shu xin zang jie gou gong neng de gai bian ,jie zhu shi shi ying guang ding liang fan zhuai lu mei -ju ge mei lian suo fan ying (RT-PCR)ji shu chan ming you nian xiao shu yi gan ji zhi ,li yong qi xiang se pu -ye xiang se pu lian yong (GC-MS)ji shu fen xi zhong lao nian xiao shu xin zang dai xie pu de bian hua qing kuang ,jin yi bu yu ce xiang guan dai xie diao kong guo cheng bing jin hang chu bu yan zheng 。jie guo fa xian ,xiang jiao yu cheng nian xiao shu ,zhong lao nian xiao shu dui PM2.5jiao yi gan ,you nian ci zhi 。jin yi bu de fen zi diao kong tan tao biao ming ,PM2.5bao lou tong guo yin qi you nian xiao shu xin zang te yi xing zhuai lu yin zi Nkx2.5he GATA4de biao da shang sheng ,ji huo xia you ba ji yin xin fang li niao na tai (ANP),nao na tai (BNP)he β-ji dong dan bai (β-MHC)de biao da cong er you fa xin ji fei hou ;PM2.5bao lou xian zhe ying xiang zhong lao nian xiao shu xin zang dai xie wu de gai bian ,zhu yao she ji neng liang dai xie 、zhi fang suan dai xie yi ji an ji suan dai xie tong lu 。zhe bu fen de yan jiu jie guo wei PM2.5bao lou tiao jian xia bu tong sheng ming jie duan xin zang sun shang de zhen duan yan jiu di gong le shi yan zheng ju 。3、cheng ren ji bing tai yuan xue shui (FOAD)ren wei ,cheng ren ji bing de fa sheng ke neng lai yuan yu tai er ji zi gong nei huan jing de gai bian ,dao zhi sheng chang fa yo shou sun ,shen zhi you ke neng zeng jia cheng nian hou de huan bing feng xian 。yi wang yan jiu biao ming ,PM2.5neng gou chuan guo mu ti xie qi bing zhang he tai pan bing zhang ,ying xiang tai er fa yo 。yi you liu hang bing xue zheng ju biao ming ,mu ti ren shen ji ke li wu bao lou ke yin qi zuo xin fa yo bu quan 、shi jian ge que sun (VSD)、xin xie guan ji xing deng bu liang chu sheng jie ju ,zao cheng er tong xin zang gong neng zhang ai ,zeng jia hai tong shi ji duo chong CVDde huan bing feng xian 。ran ci lei yan jiu zhu yao ji zhong yu liu hang bing xue huo zhe chu sheng hou mou ge fa yo shi jian dian de sheng wu xiao ying yan jiu ,que fa chu sheng hou xin zang fa yo guo cheng zhong bu tong shi jian dian de ji tong gen zong yan jiu ,yi ji xiang guan fen zi diao kong ji zhi de shen ru tan tao 。yin ci ,zai ben bu fen de yan jiu zhong ,wo men dui ren shen ji C57BL/6xiao shu jin hang PM2.5bao lou (3 mg/kg),ge tian 1ci ,chi xu zheng ge ren shen ji 。zai zi dai xiao shu chu sheng hou (PND)1、7、14he 21tian fen bie kao cha xin zang jie gou gong neng de bian hua ,bing ju shou ji xin zang zu zhi jin hang xiang guan de sheng wu xue jian ce 。yan jiu jie guo fa xian ,yun ji PM2.5bao lou neng gou yin qi zi dai PND1he PND7xiao shu xing bie cha yi xing de xin ji jie gou fei hou he gong neng xia jiang ,ban sui zhao xin ji fei hou biao zhi xing yin zi ANP,BNPhe β-MHCde mRNAbiao da de sheng gao ,jin ci xing xiao shu cheng xian xian zhe cha yi 。ci wai ,ji huo zhe xie biao zhi yin zi de guan jian zhuai lu ji yin GATA4yi gao biao da yu PND1he PND7de bao lou zu ci xing xiao shu ,diao kong GATA4biao da de microRNA(miR-200c-3p)ye xiang ying cheng xian xia jiang qu shi 。zhe yi jie guo wei yun ji ke li wu bao lou yu zi dai xing bie yi gan xing xin zang sun shang de yan jiu di gong le bi jiao ji tong de zheng ju ,bing ju di shi microRNAke neng can yu le zhe yi diao kong guo cheng 。4、fu za de kong qi wu ran dui ge chong CVDde you fa yi zhi shi kun rao min zhong jian kang de chong da wen ti 。jiu mu qian yan jiu lai kan ,you yi PM2.5,SOxhe NOxzhe san lei wu ran wu zui wei chang jian 。jin ke neng de mo ni shi ji da qi wu ran wu de fu ge bao lou yan jiu dui wu ran wu zong ti kong zhi he CVDde yu fang zhen duan ju you chong yao yi yi 。yin ci ,zai ben bu fen yan jiu zhong ,wo men ji yu guo jia er ji nong du biao zhun xian zhi ,she ji liang chong bu tong nong du zu ge de PM2.5,SO2he NO2dui C57BL/6xiao shu jin hang fu ge bao lou (0.5 mg/m3SO2,0.2 mg/m3NO2(6 h/d,4zhou ),1 mg/kg PM2.5(ge tian 1ci );huo 3.5 mg/m3SO2,2 mg/m3NO2,3 mg/kg PM2.5)。zai tong ji zang ti bi li de ji chu shang ,li yong BP-2010Axiao dong wu xin dian xie ya jian ce ji tong kao cha xiao shu xin lv (HR)he xie ya (BP)de bian hua ,bing jin yi bu cong zu zhi bing li 、chao wei jie gou 、yan xing fan ying he nei pi sun shang deng duo ge jiao du kao cha fu ge bao lou dui xin zang zu zhi de du xing zuo yong 。jie guo biao ming ,PM2.5,SO2he NO2fu ge bao lou ke nong du yi lai xing de you dao xiao shu HRsheng gao 、BPxia jiang ,bing ban sui zhao xian li ti mo sun shang 、ji duan lie he xian li ti rong jie deng chao wei jie gou gai bian 。yu ci tong shi ,bao lou zu xin ji zu zhi cheng xian nong du yi lai xing de qian wei pai lie wen luan 、jian xi bian kuan 、xi bao he zhong zhang 、yan xing xi bao jin run 、yi ji xi bao yan xing yin zi bai jie su (IL-6),zhong liu huai si yin zi (TNF-α),huan yang hua mei (COX-2)he iNOSbiao da shui ping de sheng gao ,ju jiao di nong du jiu chu xian xian zhe xing cha yi 。ci wai ,nei pi xi bao yin zi nei pi su (ET-1)he nei pi xing yi yang hua dan ge mei (eNOS)de biao da ye chu xian shi heng 。wo men de jie guo di shi ,fu ge da qi wu ran tiao jian xia ,ji shi chan du nong du zai jiao di shui ping ,ye hui chan sheng bu ke hu shi de sheng wu sun shang ,zhe wei fu za da qi tiao jian xia wu ran wu de kong zhi di gong le shi yan yi ju 。ben yan jiu shou xian ji yu chong jin shu du xing zu fen jian li PM2.5bao lou -xi bao du xing ping jia mo xing ,ping jia ju you de yu te shu xing de PM2.5bao lou you dao xin ji xi bao sun shang de ji jie xing cha yi yi ji fen zi diao kong ji zhi ;jin yi bu li yong zheng ti shi yan dong wu mo xing tan tao PM2.5bao lou you dao bu tong sheng ming jie duan xiao shu xin zang sun shang de yi gan xing cha yi yi ji xiang guan de fen zi sheng wu guo cheng gai bian ;zai ci ji chu shang ,ji yu FOADxue shui kao cha yun ji PM2.5bao lou dui zi dai xiao shu xin zang jie gou gong neng sun shang de sheng wu xue xiao ying ji ji ke neng de fen zi diao kong ji zhi ;zui hou ,dui PM2.5,SO2he NO2fu ge bao lou you dao de xin zang sun shang xiao ying jin hang chu bu tan jiu ,wei wu ran ou yu wu ran kong zhi he jian kang fang hu di gong xin sai lu 。
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