付鑫:旱作冬小麦农田秸秆覆盖的土壤生态效应及对作物产量形成的影响论文

付鑫:旱作冬小麦农田秸秆覆盖的土壤生态效应及对作物产量形成的影响论文

本文主要研究内容

作者付鑫(2019)在《旱作冬小麦农田秸秆覆盖的土壤生态效应及对作物产量形成的影响》一文中研究指出:黄土高原是我国重要的旱作农业区之一,缺水低肥限制了当地农田生态系统持续发展。近年来,秸秆覆盖由于具有良好的保墒调温效果,在黄土高原地区得到了大面积推广,但长期秸秆覆盖的土壤生态效应及其对作物产量的影响尚不明确。本文以黄土高原旱作冬小麦农田为对象,基于2008-2018年秸秆覆盖定位试验,研究了旱地秸秆覆盖的土壤生态效应及其对作物产量形成的影响。试验包括四个处理:冬小麦生育期全量秸秆覆盖(9000 kg hm-2,HSM)、生育期半量秸秆覆盖(4500 kg hm-2,LSM)、夏季休闲期全量秸秆覆盖(9000 kg hm-2,FSM)和全年无覆盖对照(CK),观测指标包括土壤水分、温度、碳氮库、温室气体排放、微生物群落结构以及作物生长和产量形成指标等,取得的主要结果如下:(1)从2008-2018多年测定结果来看,与CK相比,秸秆覆盖处理0-200 cm土层冬小麦播前土壤贮水量提高了3.74-6.03%。与CK相比,秸秆覆盖处理休闲期降水贮存效率提高了7.91-16.6%,干旱年份效果更明显,且休闲期秸秆覆盖较生育期秸秆覆盖更有利于提高休闲期降水贮存效率。各处理冬小麦生育前期土壤水分变化无显著差异,但生育期秸秆覆盖可提高冬小麦生育后期土壤水分消耗。2017-2018年土壤温度观测结果表明,与CK和FSM相比,HSM和LSM处理可降低冬小麦多数生育时期白天平均温度,能平抑小麦各生育期不同土层土壤温度的波动。与CK相比,HSM和LSM处理对冬小麦生育前期表层土壤日均温有显著降温效果,FSM处理对冬小麦生育期土壤日均温无显著影响。(2)通过对2009-2018年冬小麦收获期土壤碳氮库进行测定发现,在0-20 cm土层,秸秆覆盖各处理较CK土壤有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、潜在可矿化碳(PCM)和微生物量碳(MBC)储量平均提高了4.20%-39.4%,其中生育期秸秆覆盖较休闲期秸秆覆盖作用更为显著,且全量覆盖较半量覆盖效果更好。生育期秸秆覆盖处理有利于提高表层土壤全氮(STN)、潜在矿化氮(PNM)和微生物量氮(MBN)储量。与CK相比,HSM和LSM处理0-20 cm土层STN储量分别提高了8.05%和6.61%;MBN储量分别提高了16.3%和14.5%。与CK、LSM和FSM处理相比,HSM处理MBN储量分别提高了16.6%、22.3%和36.8%。不同年份下秸秆覆盖对土壤碳氮组分的影响作用存在差异。在0-20 cm土层,POC、PCM、STN、MBN及MBN/STN含量与估计的冬小麦根系残余输入量之间呈显著正相关关系。与CK相比,秸秆覆盖促进了土壤碳固定,且生育期秸秆覆盖效果优于休闲期秸秆覆盖。生育期秸秆覆盖同时有利于提高土壤全氮及微生物量氮储量,且全量秸秆覆盖较半量覆盖更有利于提高微生物活性,而休闲期秸秆覆盖对土壤氮素的固定与活化无显著影响。(3)通过对2016年冬小麦收获期0-20 cm土层土壤团聚体分布特征进行分析发现,秸秆覆盖处理能促进土壤机械稳定性大团聚体的形成,提高团聚体的力稳定性,且HSM处理效果最为显著。与CK和FSM相比,HSM和LSM处理可提高大多数粒径团聚体碳组分含量,且HSM和LSM处理各粒径团聚体有机碳含量间的差异较小。秸秆覆盖对土壤团聚体碳组分的影响主要发生在0-10 cm土层,对10-20 cm土层影响作用较小。秸秆覆盖处理对土壤氮组分含量的影响作用较碳组分小,且对氮组分的提高作用只出现在团聚体的某一粒径,并不会对多数粒径氮组分含量产生影响。土壤碳氮组分主要储存在土壤大团聚体中,大团聚体碳氮组分贡献率均达到75%以上。秸秆覆盖可提高0-10 cm土层大团聚体SOC、PCM、MBC、STN、PNM和MBN的贡献率,使更多的碳氮储存在大团聚体中,且HSM处理效果优于LSM和FSM处理。(4)通过对2017-2018年土壤温室气体排放特征的观测发现,与CK和FSM相比,HSM和LSM处理降低了整个生育期土壤累积CO2排放通量,但提高了整年土壤N2O和CH4累积排放通量。与CK相比,FSM提高了夏季休闲期土壤N2O和CH4累积排放通量。土壤温度和含水量对温室气体排放有显著影响,土壤CO2和N2O排放通量与土壤温度和含水量均显著正相关,土壤CH4排放通量随温度的增高先降低后增加,并与土壤含水量显著正相关。与CK相比,生育期秸秆覆盖可降低农田综合增温潜势,且HSM和LSM处理间无显著差异,FSM处理对农田生态系统综合增温潜势无显著影响。(5)通过对2018年冬小麦收获期0-20 cm土层土壤微生物群落结构的测定得出,秸秆覆盖显著改变了土壤微生物多样性及群落结构,且覆盖处理间微生物群落结构差异明显。与CK相比,HSM、LSM和FSM可显著提高了细菌香农指数和真菌Chao指数,且HSM真菌香农指数显著低于FSM。与CK相比,HSM、LSM和FSM处理变形菌门(Proteobacteria)相对丰度分别提高了23.3%、47.0%和46.0%,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)相对丰度降低了16.7%、51.2%和46.0%(P<0.05),各秸秆覆盖处理酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)相对丰度较CK处理也有不同程度地提高。各处理间子囊菌门(Ascomycota)相对丰度无显著差异,但在不同纲类中各处理间变化趋势不同。秸秆覆盖处理可提高β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶和β-1,4-木糖苷酶活性,且FSM处理提高幅度高于HSM和LSM处理。土壤碳氮组分(PNM除外)、土壤水分、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、碱性磷酸酶、β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶和β-1,4-木糖苷酶与变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)呈正相关关系,与酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)呈负相关关系,土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的变化受土壤碳氮组分及理化性质等综合因素的影响。(6)从2008-2018年观测结果来看,与CK相比,HSM和LSM处理降低了冬小麦籽粒产量、千粒重和收获指数,提高了冬小麦分蘖数、茎数和地上生物量,且HSM效果较LSM处理更显著;FSM处理提高了冬小麦茎数、穗数、分蘖数和千粒重,对冬小麦籽粒和生物产量无显著影响。各处理间冬小麦产量构成要素在不同年份表现为不同的变化特征。在年降雨量较高的年份(>500 mm),生育期秸秆覆盖不利于水分利用效率和籽粒产量的提高。在2018年,HSM处理推迟了冬小麦达最大灌浆速率时间,且提高了速增期的灌浆速率,影响小麦灌浆特征。秸秆覆盖处理虽可提高土壤贮水量和降水贮存效率,但降低了水分利用效率,HSM处理降低效果最显著。HSM和LSM处理下冬小麦苗期-分蘖期土壤较低的温度降低了冬小麦苗数。冬小麦籽粒产量一定程度上受土壤微生物活性的影响,与土壤PCM和PNM含量显著相关。此外,生育期秸秆覆盖措施会导致冬小麦返青后土壤矿质氮含量的降低,从而影响冬小麦籽粒产量形成。通过进行追肥微区试验发现,在灌浆前补施氮肥可缓解生育期秸秆覆盖的减产作用。

Abstract

huang tu gao yuan shi wo guo chong yao de han zuo nong ye ou zhi yi ,que shui di fei xian zhi le dang de nong tian sheng tai ji tong chi xu fa zhan 。jin nian lai ,jie gan fu gai you yu ju you liang hao de bao shang diao wen xiao guo ,zai huang tu gao yuan de ou de dao le da mian ji tui an ,dan chang ji jie gan fu gai de tu rang sheng tai xiao ying ji ji dui zuo wu chan liang de ying xiang shang bu ming que 。ben wen yi huang tu gao yuan han zuo dong xiao mai nong tian wei dui xiang ,ji yu 2008-2018nian jie gan fu gai ding wei shi yan ,yan jiu le han de jie gan fu gai de tu rang sheng tai xiao ying ji ji dui zuo wu chan liang xing cheng de ying xiang 。shi yan bao gua si ge chu li :dong xiao mai sheng yo ji quan liang jie gan fu gai (9000 kg hm-2,HSM)、sheng yo ji ban liang jie gan fu gai (4500 kg hm-2,LSM)、xia ji xiu xian ji quan liang jie gan fu gai (9000 kg hm-2,FSM)he quan nian mo fu gai dui zhao (CK),guan ce zhi biao bao gua tu rang shui fen 、wen du 、tan dan ku 、wen shi qi ti pai fang 、wei sheng wu qun la jie gou yi ji zuo wu sheng chang he chan liang xing cheng zhi biao deng ,qu de de zhu yao jie guo ru xia :(1)cong 2008-2018duo nian ce ding jie guo lai kan ,yu CKxiang bi ,jie gan fu gai chu li 0-200 cmtu ceng dong xiao mai bo qian tu rang zhu shui liang di gao le 3.74-6.03%。yu CKxiang bi ,jie gan fu gai chu li xiu xian ji jiang shui zhu cun xiao lv di gao le 7.91-16.6%,gan han nian fen xiao guo geng ming xian ,ju xiu xian ji jie gan fu gai jiao sheng yo ji jie gan fu gai geng you li yu di gao xiu xian ji jiang shui zhu cun xiao lv 。ge chu li dong xiao mai sheng yo qian ji tu rang shui fen bian hua mo xian zhe cha yi ,dan sheng yo ji jie gan fu gai ke di gao dong xiao mai sheng yo hou ji tu rang shui fen xiao hao 。2017-2018nian tu rang wen du guan ce jie guo biao ming ,yu CKhe FSMxiang bi ,HSMhe LSMchu li ke jiang di dong xiao mai duo shu sheng yo shi ji bai tian ping jun wen du ,neng ping yi xiao mai ge sheng yo ji bu tong tu ceng tu rang wen du de bo dong 。yu CKxiang bi ,HSMhe LSMchu li dui dong xiao mai sheng yo qian ji biao ceng tu rang ri jun wen you xian zhe jiang wen xiao guo ,FSMchu li dui dong xiao mai sheng yo ji tu rang ri jun wen mo xian zhe ying xiang 。(2)tong guo dui 2009-2018nian dong xiao mai shou huo ji tu rang tan dan ku jin hang ce ding fa xian ,zai 0-20 cmtu ceng ,jie gan fu gai ge chu li jiao CKtu rang you ji tan (SOC)、ke li you ji tan (POC)、qian zai ke kuang hua tan (PCM)he wei sheng wu liang tan (MBC)chu liang ping jun di gao le 4.20%-39.4%,ji zhong sheng yo ji jie gan fu gai jiao xiu xian ji jie gan fu gai zuo yong geng wei xian zhe ,ju quan liang fu gai jiao ban liang fu gai xiao guo geng hao 。sheng yo ji jie gan fu gai chu li you li yu di gao biao ceng tu rang quan dan (STN)、qian zai kuang hua dan (PNM)he wei sheng wu liang dan (MBN)chu liang 。yu CKxiang bi ,HSMhe LSMchu li 0-20 cmtu ceng STNchu liang fen bie di gao le 8.05%he 6.61%;MBNchu liang fen bie di gao le 16.3%he 14.5%。yu CK、LSMhe FSMchu li xiang bi ,HSMchu li MBNchu liang fen bie di gao le 16.6%、22.3%he 36.8%。bu tong nian fen xia jie gan fu gai dui tu rang tan dan zu fen de ying xiang zuo yong cun zai cha yi 。zai 0-20 cmtu ceng ,POC、PCM、STN、MBNji MBN/STNhan liang yu gu ji de dong xiao mai gen ji can yu shu ru liang zhi jian cheng xian zhe zheng xiang guan guan ji 。yu CKxiang bi ,jie gan fu gai cu jin le tu rang tan gu ding ,ju sheng yo ji jie gan fu gai xiao guo you yu xiu xian ji jie gan fu gai 。sheng yo ji jie gan fu gai tong shi you li yu di gao tu rang quan dan ji wei sheng wu liang dan chu liang ,ju quan liang jie gan fu gai jiao ban liang fu gai geng you li yu di gao wei sheng wu huo xing ,er xiu xian ji jie gan fu gai dui tu rang dan su de gu ding yu huo hua mo xian zhe ying xiang 。(3)tong guo dui 2016nian dong xiao mai shou huo ji 0-20 cmtu ceng tu rang tuan ju ti fen bu te zheng jin hang fen xi fa xian ,jie gan fu gai chu li neng cu jin tu rang ji xie wen ding xing da tuan ju ti de xing cheng ,di gao tuan ju ti de li wen ding xing ,ju HSMchu li xiao guo zui wei xian zhe 。yu CKhe FSMxiang bi ,HSMhe LSMchu li ke di gao da duo shu li jing tuan ju ti tan zu fen han liang ,ju HSMhe LSMchu li ge li jing tuan ju ti you ji tan han liang jian de cha yi jiao xiao 。jie gan fu gai dui tu rang tuan ju ti tan zu fen de ying xiang zhu yao fa sheng zai 0-10 cmtu ceng ,dui 10-20 cmtu ceng ying xiang zuo yong jiao xiao 。jie gan fu gai chu li dui tu rang dan zu fen han liang de ying xiang zuo yong jiao tan zu fen xiao ,ju dui dan zu fen de di gao zuo yong zhi chu xian zai tuan ju ti de mou yi li jing ,bing bu hui dui duo shu li jing dan zu fen han liang chan sheng ying xiang 。tu rang tan dan zu fen zhu yao chu cun zai tu rang da tuan ju ti zhong ,da tuan ju ti tan dan zu fen gong suo lv jun da dao 75%yi shang 。jie gan fu gai ke di gao 0-10 cmtu ceng da tuan ju ti SOC、PCM、MBC、STN、PNMhe MBNde gong suo lv ,shi geng duo de tan dan chu cun zai da tuan ju ti zhong ,ju HSMchu li xiao guo you yu LSMhe FSMchu li 。(4)tong guo dui 2017-2018nian tu rang wen shi qi ti pai fang te zheng de guan ce fa xian ,yu CKhe FSMxiang bi ,HSMhe LSMchu li jiang di le zheng ge sheng yo ji tu rang lei ji CO2pai fang tong liang ,dan di gao le zheng nian tu rang N2Ohe CH4lei ji pai fang tong liang 。yu CKxiang bi ,FSMdi gao le xia ji xiu xian ji tu rang N2Ohe CH4lei ji pai fang tong liang 。tu rang wen du he han shui liang dui wen shi qi ti pai fang you xian zhe ying xiang ,tu rang CO2he N2Opai fang tong liang yu tu rang wen du he han shui liang jun xian zhe zheng xiang guan ,tu rang CH4pai fang tong liang sui wen du de zeng gao xian jiang di hou zeng jia ,bing yu tu rang han shui liang xian zhe zheng xiang guan 。yu CKxiang bi ,sheng yo ji jie gan fu gai ke jiang di nong tian zeng ge zeng wen qian shi ,ju HSMhe LSMchu li jian mo xian zhe cha yi ,FSMchu li dui nong tian sheng tai ji tong zeng ge zeng wen qian shi mo xian zhe ying xiang 。(5)tong guo dui 2018nian dong xiao mai shou huo ji 0-20 cmtu ceng tu rang wei sheng wu qun la jie gou de ce ding de chu ,jie gan fu gai xian zhe gai bian le tu rang wei sheng wu duo yang xing ji qun la jie gou ,ju fu gai chu li jian wei sheng wu qun la jie gou cha yi ming xian 。yu CKxiang bi ,HSM、LSMhe FSMke xian zhe di gao le xi jun xiang nong zhi shu he zhen jun Chaozhi shu ,ju HSMzhen jun xiang nong zhi shu xian zhe di yu FSM。yu CKxiang bi ,HSM、LSMhe FSMchu li bian xing jun men (Proteobacteria)xiang dui feng du fen bie di gao le 23.3%、47.0%he 46.0%,fang xian jun men (Actinobacteria)xiang dui feng du jiang di le 16.7%、51.2%he 46.0%(P<0.05),ge jie gan fu gai chu li suan gan jun men (Acidobacteria)xiang dui feng du jiao CKchu li ye you bu tong cheng du de di gao 。ge chu li jian zi nang jun men (Ascomycota)xiang dui feng du mo xian zhe cha yi ,dan zai bu tong gang lei zhong ge chu li jian bian hua qu shi bu tong 。jie gan fu gai chu li ke di gao β-1,4-pu tao tang gan mei 、qian wei er tang shui jie mei he β-1,4-mu tang gan mei huo xing ,ju FSMchu li di gao fu du gao yu HSMhe LSMchu li 。tu rang tan dan zu fen (PNMchu wai )、tu rang shui fen 、β-1,4-pu tao tang gan mei 、jian xing lin suan mei 、β-1,4-N-yi xian pu tang an tang gan mei he β-1,4-mu tang gan mei yu bian xing jun men (Proteobacteria)、fang xian jun men (Actinobacteria)、xiao hua luo xuan jun men (Nitrospirae)、fu mei jun men (Planctomycetes)he ni gan jun men (Bacteroidetes)cheng zheng xiang guan guan ji ,yu suan gan jun men (Acidobacteria)cheng fu xiang guan guan ji ,tu rang wei sheng wu qun la jie gou ji duo yang xing de bian hua shou tu rang tan dan zu fen ji li hua xing zhi deng zeng ge yin su de ying xiang 。(6)cong 2008-2018nian guan ce jie guo lai kan ,yu CKxiang bi ,HSMhe LSMchu li jiang di le dong xiao mai zi li chan liang 、qian li chong he shou huo zhi shu ,di gao le dong xiao mai fen nie shu 、jing shu he de shang sheng wu liang ,ju HSMxiao guo jiao LSMchu li geng xian zhe ;FSMchu li di gao le dong xiao mai jing shu 、sui shu 、fen nie shu he qian li chong ,dui dong xiao mai zi li he sheng wu chan liang mo xian zhe ying xiang 。ge chu li jian dong xiao mai chan liang gou cheng yao su zai bu tong nian fen biao xian wei bu tong de bian hua te zheng 。zai nian jiang yu liang jiao gao de nian fen (>500 mm),sheng yo ji jie gan fu gai bu li yu shui fen li yong xiao lv he zi li chan liang de di gao 。zai 2018nian ,HSMchu li tui chi le dong xiao mai da zui da guan jiang su lv shi jian ,ju di gao le su zeng ji de guan jiang su lv ,ying xiang xiao mai guan jiang te zheng 。jie gan fu gai chu li sui ke di gao tu rang zhu shui liang he jiang shui zhu cun xiao lv ,dan jiang di le shui fen li yong xiao lv ,HSMchu li jiang di xiao guo zui xian zhe 。HSMhe LSMchu li xia dong xiao mai miao ji -fen nie ji tu rang jiao di de wen du jiang di le dong xiao mai miao shu 。dong xiao mai zi li chan liang yi ding cheng du shang shou tu rang wei sheng wu huo xing de ying xiang ,yu tu rang PCMhe PNMhan liang xian zhe xiang guan 。ci wai ,sheng yo ji jie gan fu gai cuo shi hui dao zhi dong xiao mai fan qing hou tu rang kuang zhi dan han liang de jiang di ,cong er ying xiang dong xiao mai zi li chan liang xing cheng 。tong guo jin hang zhui fei wei ou shi yan fa xian ,zai guan jiang qian bu shi dan fei ke huan jie sheng yo ji jie gan fu gai de jian chan zuo yong 。

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论文详细介绍

论文作者分别是来自西北大学的付鑫,发表于刊物西北大学2019-10-08论文,是一篇关于秸秆覆盖论文,冬小麦论文,土壤生态效应论文,作物产量论文,旱作农田论文,西北大学2019-10-08论文的文章。本文可供学术参考使用,各位学者可以免费参考阅读下载,文章观点不代表本站观点,资料来自西北大学2019-10-08论文网站,若本站收录的文献无意侵犯了您的著作版权,请联系我们删除。

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付鑫:旱作冬小麦农田秸秆覆盖的土壤生态效应及对作物产量形成的影响论文
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