本文主要研究内容
作者芦海燕（2019）在《基于生态系统核算的流域生态补偿研究》一文中研究指出：流域作为兼具自然属性和社会经济功能的复合生态系统,具有关联度高、整体性强和上中下游影响不对称等特点。生态补偿作为有效的生态环境外部性内在化保障制度,是流域生态系统提升生态—经济—社会持续发展水平的机制。以生态系统核算为基础的补偿机制,力求通过平衡区域不同利益主体间的利益冲突,实现流域生态系统环境破坏和生态保护的外部性内在化,对完善流域生态补偿具有重要意义。本文以流域范围内生态系统资产与服务为研究对象,以系统论和经济理论为指导,从生态系统的整体性出发,构建基于生态系统核算的流域生态补偿分析框架,并对黑河流域生态补偿机制进行研究,以期通过丰富流域生态补偿的理论分析与案例研究,为流域生态系统可持续发展提供科学、合理的决策基础。本文在纵观国内外生态学、经济学及习近平生态文明思想中关于流域生态系统核算和补偿研究的基础上,分析了流域生态系统特征与流域生态系统价值补偿之间的逻辑关系,即流域生态系统以生态系统资产即自然资源如水资源、草原和森林资源等物质为载体,进入人类社会经济系统,以生态系统服务的形式为人类社会提供各类生态价值,通过生态价值向经济价值的转化,实现区域生态—经济—社会的可持续发展。由此可知,流域生态系统的区域特征是生态系统价值补偿研究的起点,不同的系统特征通过影响流域利益主体决策的成本与收益,间接影响利益主体的行为选择路径。以此为基础,本文架构以补偿主体、标准和模式为核心内容的流域生态补偿分析框架。首先,运用博弈论分析流域生态系统中利益主体决策的认知行为路径,确定流域生态系统中中央政府、地方政府及农户/企业间的行为选择策略、达成流域生态系统保护均衡博弈策略需要的条件及相应政策含义。其次,根据博弈分析路径和三角模糊函数测算出达到流域可持续发展最优状态时,流域生态补偿模式的最优组合,探索适合流域特征的多元化、市场化生态系统价值补偿实现路径。结合流域生态系统资产与服务的实物量和价值量核算,确定单位自然资源价值,识别出恰当的流域生态补偿标准,设计流域生态补偿方案,实现流域生态系统效益最大化。最后,以我国相对独立完整的黑河流域为案例,根据上述逻辑,分析完善现有黑河流域生态补偿制度。根据流域生态补偿框架在实际案例中的运用,提出完善流域生态补偿的政策建议及进一步研究方向。本文主要研究结论如下:(1)作为相对独立的流域生态系统,往往跨越多个行政区域,流域生态系统资产与服务的跨区域特征使其正的外部性内在化在自然资源管理和环境治理中显得尤为重要,这是持续提升流域生态系统对环境变化适应能力的关键。根据系统论和经济学分析,流域生态系统核算与补偿的实质是以流域生态系统适应性主体行为的控制过程为核心,通过流域利益主体行为决策,力求在实现流域生态效益的基础上,经济和社会效益最大化,进而实现流域生态系统的可持续发展。(2)流域生态补偿的利益主体主要包括中央政府、地方政府和企业或农/牧户。中央政府是流域生态补偿机制的顶层设计者,其目标是实现流域范围社会收益最大化。地方政府和企业或农/牧户在流域生态补偿中则具有生态保护者和破坏者双重身份。受益函数的影响因素牵制着地方政府和企业或农/牧户在流域生态系统的经济运行、社会生活和生态保护中的行为选择路径。其中,流域生态补偿标准能否覆盖地方政府和企业或农/牧户的成本、中央政府顶层设计与执行监督、地方政府监管能力是影响流域生态补偿长效发挥作用的重要因素。流域生态补偿机制的设计应以地方政府和企业或农/牧户的行为结果为导向,促使地方政府和企业或农/牧户愿意采取环境保护策略。(3)流域生态补偿模式可分为政府补偿与市场补偿两种,其中政府补偿包括财政转移支付、补偿基金、政策补偿、产业补偿等;市场补偿包括水权交易、排污权交易、碳汇交易、环境标志等。根据两种模式的分析可知,在流域生态系统管理中,流域生态系统价值补偿模式的政府和市场模式各有优缺点,两者解决问题的作用机制和侧重点均存在不同。由于流域生态系统的复杂性,使得抑制流域生态系统环境恶化与生态系统服务衰退需运用政府和市场相互补偿,相互依赖,真正起到激励流域生态系统保护行为、惩罚生态环境破坏行为的作用。最优的流域生态补偿模型往往是政府和市场补偿模式的组合。运用Markowitz模型和Zimmermann模糊算法可以指导决策者如何有效选择流域生态系统价值补偿最优的组合模式,优化流域生态补偿模型组合,提高生态补偿效率。(4)通过单位自然资源价值核算,确定流域生态补偿标准。通过流域生态系统资产实物量核算,了解流域自然资源实物量的静态和动态情况,为流域生态补偿利益主体决策提供自然资源分布和使用的详细信息,以期通过流域生态系统资产的实物量核算全面反映了流域生态系统资产在经济体经济运行过程中环境投入量、如何参与价值创造以及废弃物对环境的影响程度,为流域生态补偿机制设计机构提供强大的支持力。结合流域生态系统资产实物量和服务价值量,得到单位自然资源的价值量,以此作为流域生态补偿标准确定的基础。通过流域上游、中游和下游地区生态系统资产具体的实际转移量得到流域生态补偿标准,设计补偿方案。综上所述,流域生态补偿机制作为流域生态系统的重要保障,能够持续长久发挥作用的基础包括以下措施:建立流域综合管理机构,全面协调流域范围内利益主体的诉求与冲突;通过流域生态系统实物量与价值量核算的统一,探索流域单位自然资源价值核算,结合流域范围内生态系统所处的演化阶段,确定保障流域生态机制长效发挥作用的补偿标准;以补偿效果为导向,优化流域生态补偿组合模式;以5年为周期,论证流域生态补偿机制的科学性,调整流域生态补偿组合模式,评价补偿机制的实施效果。
Abstract
liu yu zuo wei jian ju zi ran shu xing he she hui jing ji gong neng de fu ge sheng tai ji tong ,ju you guan lian du gao 、zheng ti xing jiang he shang zhong xia you ying xiang bu dui chen deng te dian 。sheng tai bu chang zuo wei you xiao de sheng tai huan jing wai bu xing nei zai hua bao zhang zhi du ,shi liu yu sheng tai ji tong di sheng sheng tai —jing ji —she hui chi xu fa zhan shui ping de ji zhi 。yi sheng tai ji tong he suan wei ji chu de bu chang ji zhi ,li qiu tong guo ping heng ou yu bu tong li yi zhu ti jian de li yi chong tu ,shi xian liu yu sheng tai ji tong huan jing po huai he sheng tai bao hu de wai bu xing nei zai hua ,dui wan shan liu yu sheng tai bu chang ju you chong yao yi yi 。ben wen yi liu yu fan wei nei sheng tai ji tong zi chan yu fu wu wei yan jiu dui xiang ,yi ji tong lun he jing ji li lun wei zhi dao ,cong sheng tai ji tong de zheng ti xing chu fa ,gou jian ji yu sheng tai ji tong he suan de liu yu sheng tai bu chang fen xi kuang jia ,bing dui hei he liu yu sheng tai bu chang ji zhi jin hang yan jiu ,yi ji tong guo feng fu liu yu sheng tai bu chang de li lun fen xi yu an li yan jiu ,wei liu yu sheng tai ji tong ke chi xu fa zhan di gong ke xue 、ge li de jue ce ji chu 。ben wen zai zong guan guo nei wai sheng tai xue 、jing ji xue ji xi jin ping sheng tai wen ming sai xiang zhong guan yu liu yu sheng tai ji tong he suan he bu chang yan jiu de ji chu shang ,fen xi le liu yu sheng tai ji tong te zheng yu liu yu sheng tai ji tong jia zhi bu chang zhi jian de luo ji guan ji ,ji liu yu sheng tai ji tong yi sheng tai ji tong zi chan ji zi ran zi yuan ru shui zi yuan 、cao yuan he sen lin zi yuan deng wu zhi wei zai ti ,jin ru ren lei she hui jing ji ji tong ,yi sheng tai ji tong fu wu de xing shi wei ren lei she hui di gong ge lei sheng tai jia zhi ,tong guo sheng tai jia zhi xiang jing ji jia zhi de zhuai hua ,shi xian ou yu sheng tai —jing ji —she hui de ke chi xu fa zhan 。you ci ke zhi ,liu yu sheng tai ji tong de ou yu te zheng shi sheng tai ji tong jia zhi bu chang yan jiu de qi dian ,bu tong de ji tong te zheng tong guo ying xiang liu yu li yi zhu ti jue ce de cheng ben yu shou yi ,jian jie ying xiang li yi zhu ti de hang wei shua ze lu jing 。yi ci wei ji chu ,ben wen jia gou yi bu chang zhu ti 、biao zhun he mo shi wei he xin nei rong de liu yu sheng tai bu chang fen xi kuang jia 。shou xian ,yun yong bo yi lun fen xi liu yu sheng tai ji tong zhong li yi zhu ti jue ce de ren zhi hang wei lu jing ,que ding liu yu sheng tai ji tong zhong zhong yang zheng fu 、de fang zheng fu ji nong hu /qi ye jian de hang wei shua ze ce lve 、da cheng liu yu sheng tai ji tong bao hu jun heng bo yi ce lve xu yao de tiao jian ji xiang ying zheng ce han yi 。ji ci ,gen ju bo yi fen xi lu jing he san jiao mo hu han shu ce suan chu da dao liu yu ke chi xu fa zhan zui you zhuang tai shi ,liu yu sheng tai bu chang mo shi de zui you zu ge ,tan suo kuo ge liu yu te zheng de duo yuan hua 、shi chang hua sheng tai ji tong jia zhi bu chang shi xian lu jing 。jie ge liu yu sheng tai ji tong zi chan yu fu wu de shi wu liang he jia zhi liang he suan ,que ding chan wei zi ran zi yuan jia zhi ,shi bie chu qia dang de liu yu sheng tai bu chang biao zhun ,she ji liu yu sheng tai bu chang fang an ,shi xian liu yu sheng tai ji tong xiao yi zui da hua 。zui hou ,yi wo guo xiang dui du li wan zheng de hei he liu yu wei an li ,gen ju shang shu luo ji ,fen xi wan shan xian you hei he liu yu sheng tai bu chang zhi du 。gen ju liu yu sheng tai bu chang kuang jia zai shi ji an li zhong de yun yong ,di chu wan shan liu yu sheng tai bu chang de zheng ce jian yi ji jin yi bu yan jiu fang xiang 。ben wen zhu yao yan jiu jie lun ru xia :(1)zuo wei xiang dui du li de liu yu sheng tai ji tong ,wang wang kua yue duo ge hang zheng ou yu ,liu yu sheng tai ji tong zi chan yu fu wu de kua ou yu te zheng shi ji zheng de wai bu xing nei zai hua zai zi ran zi yuan guan li he huan jing zhi li zhong xian de you wei chong yao ,zhe shi chi xu di sheng liu yu sheng tai ji tong dui huan jing bian hua kuo ying neng li de guan jian 。gen ju ji tong lun he jing ji xue fen xi ,liu yu sheng tai ji tong he suan yu bu chang de shi zhi shi yi liu yu sheng tai ji tong kuo ying xing zhu ti hang wei de kong zhi guo cheng wei he xin ,tong guo liu yu li yi zhu ti hang wei jue ce ,li qiu zai shi xian liu yu sheng tai xiao yi de ji chu shang ,jing ji he she hui xiao yi zui da hua ,jin er shi xian liu yu sheng tai ji tong de ke chi xu fa zhan 。(2)liu yu sheng tai bu chang de li yi zhu ti zhu yao bao gua zhong yang zheng fu 、de fang zheng fu he qi ye huo nong /mu hu 。zhong yang zheng fu shi liu yu sheng tai bu chang ji zhi de ding ceng she ji zhe ,ji mu biao shi shi xian liu yu fan wei she hui shou yi zui da hua 。de fang zheng fu he qi ye huo nong /mu hu zai liu yu sheng tai bu chang zhong ze ju you sheng tai bao hu zhe he po huai zhe shuang chong shen fen 。shou yi han shu de ying xiang yin su qian zhi zhao de fang zheng fu he qi ye huo nong /mu hu zai liu yu sheng tai ji tong de jing ji yun hang 、she hui sheng huo he sheng tai bao hu zhong de hang wei shua ze lu jing 。ji zhong ,liu yu sheng tai bu chang biao zhun neng fou fu gai de fang zheng fu he qi ye huo nong /mu hu de cheng ben 、zhong yang zheng fu ding ceng she ji yu zhi hang jian du 、de fang zheng fu jian guan neng li shi ying xiang liu yu sheng tai bu chang chang xiao fa hui zuo yong de chong yao yin su 。liu yu sheng tai bu chang ji zhi de she ji ying yi de fang zheng fu he qi ye huo nong /mu hu de hang wei jie guo wei dao xiang ,cu shi de fang zheng fu he qi ye huo nong /mu hu yuan yi cai qu huan jing bao hu ce lve 。(3)liu yu sheng tai bu chang mo shi ke fen wei zheng fu bu chang yu shi chang bu chang liang chong ,ji zhong zheng fu bu chang bao gua cai zheng zhuai yi zhi fu 、bu chang ji jin 、zheng ce bu chang 、chan ye bu chang deng ;shi chang bu chang bao gua shui quan jiao yi 、pai wu quan jiao yi 、tan hui jiao yi 、huan jing biao zhi deng 。gen ju liang chong mo shi de fen xi ke zhi ,zai liu yu sheng tai ji tong guan li zhong ,liu yu sheng tai ji tong jia zhi bu chang mo shi de zheng fu he shi chang mo shi ge you you que dian ,liang zhe jie jue wen ti de zuo yong ji zhi he ce chong dian jun cun zai bu tong 。you yu liu yu sheng tai ji tong de fu za xing ,shi de yi zhi liu yu sheng tai ji tong huan jing e hua yu sheng tai ji tong fu wu cui tui xu yun yong zheng fu he shi chang xiang hu bu chang ,xiang hu yi lai ,zhen zheng qi dao ji li liu yu sheng tai ji tong bao hu hang wei 、cheng fa sheng tai huan jing po huai hang wei de zuo yong 。zui you de liu yu sheng tai bu chang mo xing wang wang shi zheng fu he shi chang bu chang mo shi de zu ge 。yun yong Markowitzmo xing he Zimmermannmo hu suan fa ke yi zhi dao jue ce zhe ru he you xiao shua ze liu yu sheng tai ji tong jia zhi bu chang zui you de zu ge mo shi ,you hua liu yu sheng tai bu chang mo xing zu ge ,di gao sheng tai bu chang xiao lv 。(4)tong guo chan wei zi ran zi yuan jia zhi he suan ,que ding liu yu sheng tai bu chang biao zhun 。tong guo liu yu sheng tai ji tong zi chan shi wu liang he suan ,le jie liu yu zi ran zi yuan shi wu liang de jing tai he dong tai qing kuang ,wei liu yu sheng tai bu chang li yi zhu ti jue ce di gong zi ran zi yuan fen bu he shi yong de xiang xi xin xi ,yi ji tong guo liu yu sheng tai ji tong zi chan de shi wu liang he suan quan mian fan ying le liu yu sheng tai ji tong zi chan zai jing ji ti jing ji yun hang guo cheng zhong huan jing tou ru liang 、ru he can yu jia zhi chuang zao yi ji fei qi wu dui huan jing de ying xiang cheng du ,wei liu yu sheng tai bu chang ji zhi she ji ji gou di gong jiang da de zhi chi li 。jie ge liu yu sheng tai ji tong zi chan shi wu liang he fu wu jia zhi liang ,de dao chan wei zi ran zi yuan de jia zhi liang ,yi ci zuo wei liu yu sheng tai bu chang biao zhun que ding de ji chu 。tong guo liu yu shang you 、zhong you he xia you de ou sheng tai ji tong zi chan ju ti de shi ji zhuai yi liang de dao liu yu sheng tai bu chang biao zhun ,she ji bu chang fang an 。zeng shang suo shu ,liu yu sheng tai bu chang ji zhi zuo wei liu yu sheng tai ji tong de chong yao bao zhang ,neng gou chi xu chang jiu fa hui zuo yong de ji chu bao gua yi xia cuo shi :jian li liu yu zeng ge guan li ji gou ,quan mian xie diao liu yu fan wei nei li yi zhu ti de su qiu yu chong tu ;tong guo liu yu sheng tai ji tong shi wu liang yu jia zhi liang he suan de tong yi ,tan suo liu yu chan wei zi ran zi yuan jia zhi he suan ,jie ge liu yu fan wei nei sheng tai ji tong suo chu de yan hua jie duan ,que ding bao zhang liu yu sheng tai ji zhi chang xiao fa hui zuo yong de bu chang biao zhun ;yi bu chang xiao guo wei dao xiang ,you hua liu yu sheng tai bu chang zu ge mo shi ;yi 5nian wei zhou ji ,lun zheng liu yu sheng tai bu chang ji zhi de ke xue xing ,diao zheng liu yu sheng tai bu chang zu ge mo shi ,ping jia bu chang ji zhi de shi shi xiao guo 。
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论文作者分别是来自兰州大学的芦海燕，发表于刊物兰州大学2019-07-29论文，是一篇关于生态系统核算论文,生态系统资产与服务论文,流域生态补偿论文,黑河流域论文,兰州大学2019-07-29论文的文章。本文可供学术参考使用，各位学者可以免费参考阅读下载，文章观点不代表本站观点，资料来自兰州大学2019-07-29论文网站，若本站收录的文献无意侵犯了您的著作版权，请联系我们删除。
标签：生态系统核算论文; 生态系统资产与服务论文; 流域生态补偿论文; 黑河流域论文; 兰州大学2019-07-29论文;