本文主要研究内容
作者娄义宝(2019)在《侵蚀条件下紫色土坡耕地耕层质量变化特征及适宜性研究》一文中研究指出:紫色土坡耕地是西南区农业生产重要的耕地资源,是当地农业生产主体区域和长江流域重要侵蚀地带;紫色土坡耕地耕层质量集中表现为侵蚀性退化严重且农作物产量低而不稳,土壤侵蚀是造成坡耕地退化、水土流失、生产力降低的主要原因,对坡耕地生态安全和持续利用具有很大的潜在危险性。坡耕地耕层土壤不仅是农业生产的根本,也是土壤侵蚀的对象。了解坡耕地耕层土壤剖面构型和理化性质特征,研究土壤侵蚀对耕层土壤水分及抗旱性、土壤稳定性的影响,建立紫色土坡耕地合理耕层评价最小数据集,分析农作物—耕层土壤适宜性关系,明确坡耕地耕层土壤质量障碍因素可为坡耕地合理耕层进行评价及调控提供重要的依据。本文以紫色土坡耕地为研究对象,通过野外坡耕地小流域调查、铲土侵蚀模拟小区、资料查阅,分析了不同侵蚀程度紫色土坡耕地耕层剖面构型特征,通过野外调查及室内理化性质测试,分析了不同侵蚀程度紫色土坡耕地土壤理化性质变化特征,解释了土壤侵蚀对紫色土坡耕地理化性质的影响;通过土壤水分特征曲线、土壤入渗及土壤水库特征,分析了不同侵蚀程度坡耕地土壤保水抗旱性能;通过土壤水稳性指数、崩解及力学稳定性特征,分析了不同侵蚀程度坡耕地耕层土壤的稳定性及抗侵蚀性能;利用主成分分析和Norm值法,建立了紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤质量评价最小数据集(MDS);利用土壤质量障碍因子诊断模型,分析了各土壤指标的障碍度;通过构建农作物—耕层耦合协调度模型,分析了不同地力等级紫色土坡耕地农作物—耕层耦合协调程度及适宜性,并根据障碍类型提出调控途径。主要结论如下:(1)在地块尺度上,紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤剖面构型、不同侵蚀程度坡耕地耕层土壤理化性质存在显著差异。紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤结构较好,均表现为粒状结构,土壤疏松,质地表现为随着地力等级的下降由中壤变化为砂壤、重壤,土壤结构呈块状、土壤稍紧实或紧实,母质层则是由于为扰动导致土壤呈块状、土壤紧实或极紧实。随土壤侵蚀程度加剧坡耕地土壤质地逐渐“粗骨化”,S-0坡耕地土壤颗粒主要集中在粉粒含量50.67%;S-5、S-10和S-15主要以砂粒含量和粉粒含量为主,分别在41.83-44.33%和38.67-43.33%之间变化;S-20土壤颗粒主要集中在1-0.05 mm。不同侵蚀程度坡耕地土壤容重平均值表现为S-5(1.44 g/cm3)>S-15(1.43 g/cm3)>S-0(1.41 g/cm3)>S-20(1.40 g/cm3)>S-10(1.36 g/cm3);不同侵蚀程度紫色土坡耕地土壤养分总体上偏低,属于中下等水平。其中土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮均呈五级水平,速效钾四级水平,全磷、有效磷呈现三级水平,全钾二级水平。(2)不同侵蚀程度坡耕地耕层、不同土层深度土壤水分特征曲线、孔隙特征、入渗及水库特征差异明显。在相同吸力下土壤容积含水率随着侵蚀程度加剧呈下降变化,当侵蚀程度由0 cm加剧至20 cm时,土壤容积含水率下降率在7.8-24.32%,平均下降率为17.80%,土壤侵蚀程度加剧可以使相同吸力下的土壤的容积含水量降低,不利于坡耕地土壤的水分贮存。不同侵蚀程度坡耕地孔隙集中分布在<0.03 mm直径的贮存孔隙,其占比达24.47-31.83%之间,其次为>0.1 mm直径的通气孔隙,占比达11.88-22.13%之间,最后为0.10.03mm直径的导水孔隙,其占比仅为0.15-3.31%之间。不同垂直深度上各径级孔隙存在明显差异,总体上表现为耕层(0-10 cm和10-20 cm)土壤的土壤孔隙大于20-30 cm和30-40 cm层。土壤总库容的大小表现为S-10(422.65 t/hm2)>S-5(413.12 t/hm2)>S-15(408.20 t/hm2)>S-0(404.92t/hm2)>S-20(403.46 t/hm2),随着侵蚀程度加剧紫色土坡耕地土壤水库无效水分有着不同程度的增加,其中S-10坡耕地土壤无效水库增加最多,增加了7.3%。不同侵蚀坡耕地0-40 cm层土壤的各贮水特征之间差异不大,最大吸持贮水量在139-144mm之间变化,最大滞留水量在42-50 mm之间变化,饱和贮水量在182-194 mm之间变化,相同土层深度下不同侵蚀程度坡耕地,最大吸持贮水量占饱和贮水量的75%。在相同吸力下,坡耕地耕层土壤累计损失水百分率随侵蚀程度加剧呈增大的变化,依次为S-10>S-20>S-15>S-5>S-0,在相同土壤吸力下,S-0坡耕地土壤失水最少,S-10坡耕地土壤失水最多,随侵蚀程度加剧坡耕地土壤抗旱性变差。(3)不同侵蚀程度坡耕地、不同垂直深度的土壤水稳定性和土壤力学稳定性存在明显差异。不同侵蚀程度坡耕地水稳性指数依次为S-15(47.35%)>S-5(36.47%)>S-10(31.20%)>S-0(27.44%)>S-20(23.37%);说明紫色土坡耕地发生侵蚀时,首先抵抗水土流失能力增强,随后又减弱,当侵蚀继续发生时抗侵蚀能力又增强,继而又减弱。对不同侵蚀程度坡耕地地块而言,在不同垂直深度上,S-0和S-20坡耕地各个土层间土壤水稳性指数差异较小,分别在18.88%-32%和13.48%-28.44%之间变化。不同侵蚀程度坡耕地土壤抗剪强度依次表现为S-15(7.94 kg/cm2)>S-0(7.57 kg/cm2)>S-20(6.88 kg/cm2)>S-5(6.82 kg/cm2)>S-10(6.73 kg/cm2);紧实度总体上表现为随侵蚀程度加剧,呈现先减小后增大再减小的变化趋势;其中S-0坡耕地土壤紧实度最大(平均值为167.12 N/cm2),再为S-15(平均值为151.93 N/cm2),S-10最小(平均值为96.25 N/cm2)。坡耕地耕层土壤可蚀性K值依次表现为:S-0(0.0410)>S-10(0.0406)>S-15(0.0399)>S-5(0.0389)>S-20(0.0377)。不同侵蚀程度坡耕地耕层土壤稳定性上呈中下等水平,随侵蚀程度加剧土壤稳定性表现为先增大后减小的趋势。随着土壤侵蚀程度加剧,土壤稳定性依次为S-15>S-10>S-5>S-20>S-0;这表明当土壤侵蚀发生初期土壤稳定性最弱,随侵蚀程度加剧土壤稳定性逐渐增强,当侵蚀程度为15 cm时土壤稳定性达到最强,随后土壤稳定性又开始下降。随着土壤侵蚀程度加剧,土壤贯入阻力呈现先减小后增大的趋势,依次表现为S-20(8.77 kPa)>S-0(8.37 kPa)>S-5(7.71 kPa)>S-15(7.51 kPa)>S-10(4.72 kPa)。(4)紫色土坡耕地耕层质量评价最小数据集由耕层厚度、粉粒、粘粒、土壤有机质、土壤紧实度、土壤抗剪强度,6个土壤属性指标构成;坡耕地土壤障碍因子主要分成3类。紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤质量偏中低下等级,小流域坡耕地最小数据集下土壤质量指数(SQI-MDS)介于0.28-0.58。不同侵蚀程度坡耕地土壤质量指数表现为S-10(0.63)>S-0(0.59)>S-15(0.54)>S-5(0.52)>S-20(0.47)。3类紫色土坡耕地土壤障碍因子分别为:第一类为养分限制型,障碍度在0.065-0.083之间,包括土壤有效磷、饱和导水率、有机质、粉粒含量、抗剪强度、全氮;第二类为土壤厚度限制型,障碍度在0.047-0.057之间,包括pH值、速效钾、坡度、砂粒含量、耕层厚度、容重、总孔隙、有效土层厚度;第三类为耕性限制,障碍度在0.032-0.041之间,包括自然含水率、贯入阻力、紧实度、粘粒含量。土壤紧实度的直接影响最大且为负值(-0.716),对耕层土壤质量有抑制作用。有机质、抗剪强度、耕层厚度、粘粒含量对耕层土壤质量指数的直接通径系数分别为0.409、0.393、0.335、-0.282。耕层土壤质量指数和最小数据集指标决策系数排序为:R2(X6)>R2(X4)>R2(X3)>R2(X1)>R2(X2)>R2(X5),紧实度和有机质为耕层土壤质量指数的主要决策变量,抗剪强度为主要限制变量。(5)紫色土坡耕地农作物与耕层适宜关系存在协调发展类和失调衰退类两种状态和同步型、滞后型、损益型、共损型4种表现。紫色土坡耕地可分为3种耕层类型,其作物产量主导性影响因素为田面坡度、有效土层厚度、土壤酸化、阳离子交换量;在同样地力条件下,农作物产量的衰退表现更为明显,耕层质量衰退具有滞后性。农作物-耕层耦合度(Cd)表现为I类耕层(0.4820)和II类耕层(0.5207)为基本协调发展类农作物耕层同步型、农作物生长勉强适宜,III类(0.3343)濒临失调衰退类耕层损益型、农作物生长中度不适宜。紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤调控主要为:土壤厚度调控可以采用聚土免耕、放炮改土、深松、修筑生物埂等措施实现;土壤养分调节可以采用适当的施加生物炭+施肥、秸秆还田+施肥等措施实现。
Abstract
zi se tu po geng de shi xi na ou nong ye sheng chan chong yao de geng de zi yuan ,shi dang de nong ye sheng chan zhu ti ou yu he chang jiang liu yu chong yao qin shi de dai ;zi se tu po geng de geng ceng zhi liang ji zhong biao xian wei qin shi xing tui hua yan chong ju nong zuo wu chan liang di er bu wen ,tu rang qin shi shi zao cheng po geng de tui hua 、shui tu liu shi 、sheng chan li jiang di de zhu yao yuan yin ,dui po geng de sheng tai an quan he chi xu li yong ju you hen da de qian zai wei xian xing 。po geng de geng ceng tu rang bu jin shi nong ye sheng chan de gen ben ,ye shi tu rang qin shi de dui xiang 。le jie po geng de geng ceng tu rang pou mian gou xing he li hua xing zhi te zheng ,yan jiu tu rang qin shi dui geng ceng tu rang shui fen ji kang han xing 、tu rang wen ding xing de ying xiang ,jian li zi se tu po geng de ge li geng ceng ping jia zui xiao shu ju ji ,fen xi nong zuo wu —geng ceng tu rang kuo yi xing guan ji ,ming que po geng de geng ceng tu rang zhi liang zhang ai yin su ke wei po geng de ge li geng ceng jin hang ping jia ji diao kong di gong chong yao de yi ju 。ben wen yi zi se tu po geng de wei yan jiu dui xiang ,tong guo ye wai po geng de xiao liu yu diao cha 、chan tu qin shi mo ni xiao ou 、zi liao cha yue ,fen xi le bu tong qin shi cheng du zi se tu po geng de geng ceng pou mian gou xing te zheng ,tong guo ye wai diao cha ji shi nei li hua xing zhi ce shi ,fen xi le bu tong qin shi cheng du zi se tu po geng de tu rang li hua xing zhi bian hua te zheng ,jie shi le tu rang qin shi dui zi se tu po geng de li hua xing zhi de ying xiang ;tong guo tu rang shui fen te zheng qu xian 、tu rang ru shen ji tu rang shui ku te zheng ,fen xi le bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de tu rang bao shui kang han xing neng ;tong guo tu rang shui wen xing zhi shu 、beng jie ji li xue wen ding xing te zheng ,fen xi le bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de geng ceng tu rang de wen ding xing ji kang qin shi xing neng ;li yong zhu cheng fen fen xi he Normzhi fa ,jian li le zi se tu po geng de geng ceng tu rang zhi liang ping jia zui xiao shu ju ji (MDS);li yong tu rang zhi liang zhang ai yin zi zhen duan mo xing ,fen xi le ge tu rang zhi biao de zhang ai du ;tong guo gou jian nong zuo wu —geng ceng ou ge xie diao du mo xing ,fen xi le bu tong de li deng ji zi se tu po geng de nong zuo wu —geng ceng ou ge xie diao cheng du ji kuo yi xing ,bing gen ju zhang ai lei xing di chu diao kong tu jing 。zhu yao jie lun ru xia :(1)zai de kuai che du shang ,zi se tu po geng de geng ceng tu rang pou mian gou xing 、bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de geng ceng tu rang li hua xing zhi cun zai xian zhe cha yi 。zi se tu po geng de geng ceng tu rang jie gou jiao hao ,jun biao xian wei li zhuang jie gou ,tu rang shu song ,zhi de biao xian wei sui zhao de li deng ji de xia jiang you zhong rang bian hua wei sha rang 、chong rang ,tu rang jie gou cheng kuai zhuang 、tu rang shao jin shi huo jin shi ,mu zhi ceng ze shi you yu wei rao dong dao zhi tu rang cheng kuai zhuang 、tu rang jin shi huo ji jin shi 。sui tu rang qin shi cheng du jia ju po geng de tu rang zhi de zhu jian “cu gu hua ”,S-0po geng de tu rang ke li zhu yao ji zhong zai fen li han liang 50.67%;S-5、S-10he S-15zhu yao yi sha li han liang he fen li han liang wei zhu ,fen bie zai 41.83-44.33%he 38.67-43.33%zhi jian bian hua ;S-20tu rang ke li zhu yao ji zhong zai 1-0.05 mm。bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de tu rang rong chong ping jun zhi biao xian wei S-5(1.44 g/cm3)>S-15(1.43 g/cm3)>S-0(1.41 g/cm3)>S-20(1.40 g/cm3)>S-10(1.36 g/cm3);bu tong qin shi cheng du zi se tu po geng de tu rang yang fen zong ti shang pian di ,shu yu zhong xia deng shui ping 。ji zhong tu rang you ji zhi 、quan dan 、jian jie dan jun cheng wu ji shui ping ,su xiao jia si ji shui ping ,quan lin 、you xiao lin cheng xian san ji shui ping ,quan jia er ji shui ping 。(2)bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de geng ceng 、bu tong tu ceng shen du tu rang shui fen te zheng qu xian 、kong xi te zheng 、ru shen ji shui ku te zheng cha yi ming xian 。zai xiang tong xi li xia tu rang rong ji han shui lv sui zhao qin shi cheng du jia ju cheng xia jiang bian hua ,dang qin shi cheng du you 0 cmjia ju zhi 20 cmshi ,tu rang rong ji han shui lv xia jiang lv zai 7.8-24.32%,ping jun xia jiang lv wei 17.80%,tu rang qin shi cheng du jia ju ke yi shi xiang tong xi li xia de tu rang de rong ji han shui liang jiang di ,bu li yu po geng de tu rang de shui fen zhu cun 。bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de kong xi ji zhong fen bu zai <0.03 mmzhi jing de zhu cun kong xi ,ji zhan bi da 24.47-31.83%zhi jian ,ji ci wei >0.1 mmzhi jing de tong qi kong xi ,zhan bi da 11.88-22.13%zhi jian ,zui hou wei 0.10.03mmzhi jing de dao shui kong xi ,ji zhan bi jin wei 0.15-3.31%zhi jian 。bu tong chui zhi shen du shang ge jing ji kong xi cun zai ming xian cha yi ,zong ti shang biao xian wei geng ceng (0-10 cmhe 10-20 cm)tu rang de tu rang kong xi da yu 20-30 cmhe 30-40 cmceng 。tu rang zong ku rong de da xiao biao xian wei S-10(422.65 t/hm2)>S-5(413.12 t/hm2)>S-15(408.20 t/hm2)>S-0(404.92t/hm2)>S-20(403.46 t/hm2),sui zhao qin shi cheng du jia ju zi se tu po geng de tu rang shui ku mo xiao shui fen you zhao bu tong cheng du de zeng jia ,ji zhong S-10po geng de tu rang mo xiao shui ku zeng jia zui duo ,zeng jia le 7.3%。bu tong qin shi po geng de 0-40 cmceng tu rang de ge zhu shui te zheng zhi jian cha yi bu da ,zui da xi chi zhu shui liang zai 139-144mmzhi jian bian hua ,zui da zhi liu shui liang zai 42-50 mmzhi jian bian hua ,bao he zhu shui liang zai 182-194 mmzhi jian bian hua ,xiang tong tu ceng shen du xia bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de ,zui da xi chi zhu shui liang zhan bao he zhu shui liang de 75%。zai xiang tong xi li xia ,po geng de geng ceng tu rang lei ji sun shi shui bai fen lv sui qin shi cheng du jia ju cheng zeng da de bian hua ,yi ci wei S-10>S-20>S-15>S-5>S-0,zai xiang tong tu rang xi li xia ,S-0po geng de tu rang shi shui zui shao ,S-10po geng de tu rang shi shui zui duo ,sui qin shi cheng du jia ju po geng de tu rang kang han xing bian cha 。(3)bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de 、bu tong chui zhi shen du de tu rang shui wen ding xing he tu rang li xue wen ding xing cun zai ming xian cha yi 。bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de shui wen xing zhi shu yi ci wei S-15(47.35%)>S-5(36.47%)>S-10(31.20%)>S-0(27.44%)>S-20(23.37%);shui ming zi se tu po geng de fa sheng qin shi shi ,shou xian di kang shui tu liu shi neng li zeng jiang ,sui hou you jian ruo ,dang qin shi ji xu fa sheng shi kang qin shi neng li you zeng jiang ,ji er you jian ruo 。dui bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de de kuai er yan ,zai bu tong chui zhi shen du shang ,S-0he S-20po geng de ge ge tu ceng jian tu rang shui wen xing zhi shu cha yi jiao xiao ,fen bie zai 18.88%-32%he 13.48%-28.44%zhi jian bian hua 。bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de tu rang kang jian jiang du yi ci biao xian wei S-15(7.94 kg/cm2)>S-0(7.57 kg/cm2)>S-20(6.88 kg/cm2)>S-5(6.82 kg/cm2)>S-10(6.73 kg/cm2);jin shi du zong ti shang biao xian wei sui qin shi cheng du jia ju ,cheng xian xian jian xiao hou zeng da zai jian xiao de bian hua qu shi ;ji zhong S-0po geng de tu rang jin shi du zui da (ping jun zhi wei 167.12 N/cm2),zai wei S-15(ping jun zhi wei 151.93 N/cm2),S-10zui xiao (ping jun zhi wei 96.25 N/cm2)。po geng de geng ceng tu rang ke shi xing Kzhi yi ci biao xian wei :S-0(0.0410)>S-10(0.0406)>S-15(0.0399)>S-5(0.0389)>S-20(0.0377)。bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de geng ceng tu rang wen ding xing shang cheng zhong xia deng shui ping ,sui qin shi cheng du jia ju tu rang wen ding xing biao xian wei xian zeng da hou jian xiao de qu shi 。sui zhao tu rang qin shi cheng du jia ju ,tu rang wen ding xing yi ci wei S-15>S-10>S-5>S-20>S-0;zhe biao ming dang tu rang qin shi fa sheng chu ji tu rang wen ding xing zui ruo ,sui qin shi cheng du jia ju tu rang wen ding xing zhu jian zeng jiang ,dang qin shi cheng du wei 15 cmshi tu rang wen ding xing da dao zui jiang ,sui hou tu rang wen ding xing you kai shi xia jiang 。sui zhao tu rang qin shi cheng du jia ju ,tu rang guan ru zu li cheng xian xian jian xiao hou zeng da de qu shi ,yi ci biao xian wei S-20(8.77 kPa)>S-0(8.37 kPa)>S-5(7.71 kPa)>S-15(7.51 kPa)>S-10(4.72 kPa)。(4)zi se tu po geng de geng ceng zhi liang ping jia zui xiao shu ju ji you geng ceng hou du 、fen li 、nian li 、tu rang you ji zhi 、tu rang jin shi du 、tu rang kang jian jiang du ,6ge tu rang shu xing zhi biao gou cheng ;po geng de tu rang zhang ai yin zi zhu yao fen cheng 3lei 。zi se tu po geng de geng ceng tu rang zhi liang pian zhong di xia deng ji ,xiao liu yu po geng de zui xiao shu ju ji xia tu rang zhi liang zhi shu (SQI-MDS)jie yu 0.28-0.58。bu tong qin shi cheng du po geng de tu rang zhi liang zhi shu biao xian wei S-10(0.63)>S-0(0.59)>S-15(0.54)>S-5(0.52)>S-20(0.47)。3lei zi se tu po geng de tu rang zhang ai yin zi fen bie wei :di yi lei wei yang fen xian zhi xing ,zhang ai du zai 0.065-0.083zhi jian ,bao gua tu rang you xiao lin 、bao he dao shui lv 、you ji zhi 、fen li han liang 、kang jian jiang du 、quan dan ;di er lei wei tu rang hou du xian zhi xing ,zhang ai du zai 0.047-0.057zhi jian ,bao gua pHzhi 、su xiao jia 、po du 、sha li han liang 、geng ceng hou du 、rong chong 、zong kong xi 、you xiao tu ceng hou du ;di san lei wei geng xing xian zhi ,zhang ai du zai 0.032-0.041zhi jian ,bao gua zi ran han shui lv 、guan ru zu li 、jin shi du 、nian li han liang 。tu rang jin shi du de zhi jie ying xiang zui da ju wei fu zhi (-0.716),dui geng ceng tu rang zhi liang you yi zhi zuo yong 。you ji zhi 、kang jian jiang du 、geng ceng hou du 、nian li han liang dui geng ceng tu rang zhi liang zhi shu de zhi jie tong jing ji shu fen bie wei 0.409、0.393、0.335、-0.282。geng ceng tu rang zhi liang zhi shu he zui xiao shu ju ji zhi biao jue ce ji shu pai xu wei :R2(X6)>R2(X4)>R2(X3)>R2(X1)>R2(X2)>R2(X5),jin shi du he you ji zhi wei geng ceng tu rang zhi liang zhi shu de zhu yao jue ce bian liang ,kang jian jiang du wei zhu yao xian zhi bian liang 。(5)zi se tu po geng de nong zuo wu yu geng ceng kuo yi guan ji cun zai xie diao fa zhan lei he shi diao cui tui lei liang chong zhuang tai he tong bu xing 、zhi hou xing 、sun yi xing 、gong sun xing 4chong biao xian 。zi se tu po geng de ke fen wei 3chong geng ceng lei xing ,ji zuo wu chan liang zhu dao xing ying xiang yin su wei tian mian po du 、you xiao tu ceng hou du 、tu rang suan hua 、yang li zi jiao huan liang ;zai tong yang de li tiao jian xia ,nong zuo wu chan liang de cui tui biao xian geng wei ming xian ,geng ceng zhi liang cui tui ju you zhi hou xing 。nong zuo wu -geng ceng ou ge du (Cd)biao xian wei Ilei geng ceng (0.4820)he IIlei geng ceng (0.5207)wei ji ben xie diao fa zhan lei nong zuo wu geng ceng tong bu xing 、nong zuo wu sheng chang mian jiang kuo yi ,IIIlei (0.3343)bin lin shi diao cui tui lei geng ceng sun yi xing 、nong zuo wu sheng chang zhong du bu kuo yi 。zi se tu po geng de geng ceng tu rang diao kong zhu yao wei :tu rang hou du diao kong ke yi cai yong ju tu mian geng 、fang bao gai tu 、shen song 、xiu zhu sheng wu geng deng cuo shi shi xian ;tu rang yang fen diao jie ke yi cai yong kuo dang de shi jia sheng wu tan +shi fei 、jie gan hai tian +shi fei deng cuo shi shi xian 。
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