陕西洛南中学纪彩凤
时态是英语语法项目中的难点之一，也是高考必考的内容。面对种类繁多、形式复杂、灵活多变、难以判断的复杂考题，许多考生感到困惑迷茫。在从教多年的实践中我总结出以下方法，希望能为莘莘学子指点迷津，使考生早日找到掌握运用时态的金钥匙。
一、寻找标志性词，确定时态种类。
1.现在完成时态的标志词
例如yet,already,before,never,just,sofar,inthepast/lastyears,since引导的状语。
Ihaveneverseenhimbefore.
GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.
Tomhasworkedheresincehegraduatedfromcollege.
2.过去时态的标志词
Twodaysago,theotherday,inthepast,justnow,yesterday,lastweek/month/year，andsoon.
Welivedahardlifeinthepast.
Theotherday,Imetmyfriendatthestation.
3.过去完成时态的标志词
bytheendoflastweek,before引导的时间状语从句。
Wehadfinishedtheprojectbytheendoflastweek.
Hehadbeenabroadbeforehecamehere.
Hesaidthathehadwrittenalettertohisparents.
4.一般现在时态的标志词
Often，usually，always，now，atpresent，nowadays
除这些标志词之外，陈述客观事实、真理、时刻表上的安排、说明人的特征和产品的用途都用一般现在时态。
(1)Thetrainleavesat10:00o’clock.
(2)Themedicinetastesbitter,butitcancureyourcough.
(3)Nowadaysyoungpeoplewearlonghair.
二、陈述语气与虚拟语气混合时，紧扣题干中已知信息，对未知信息作出合理推断。
1.合理推断
(1)Ifitwerenotforthefactthathecannotwrite,Iwouldemployhimasmysecretary.(根据主句从句时虚拟语气和fact这个关键词判断，她不会写这是事实。)
(2)IhadhopedtoseeyoulastSundaybutIwasbusythen.(hadhoped表示过去的愿望未能实现，but连接词表示转折意义，说明当时忙是客观事实.)
(3)Hedidn’tworkhardotherwisehewouldhavebeenrich.
(4)IcouldhavewalkedhomebutItookataxi.
2.过去时,过去进行时,现在完成时的用法区别:
过去时态侧重过去发生的动作;过去进行时态强调在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作；现在完成时指过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
(5)—Haveyoureadthebook?(强调结果)
—Yes,Ireaditlastyear.(强调动作)
(6)—Didyouwatchtheperformanceyesterday?
—Yes,Idid,becausemygirlwasplayingthepiano.(侧重动作在进行或持续)
(7)—Howlonghaveyoudealtinclothing?
—Since1998.
(8)Whilehewaslookingthroughamagazine,hecameacrosstheword.
(9)ThelasttimeIsawhim,hewasdoingsomewashingbytheriver.
(10)Heworkedinafactoryforyearsandnowheworksinthegovernment.
(11)—Youlooktired.
—Ihavebeencleaningmyhousethewholemorning.
(12)—Hashefinishedwritinghisnovel?
---Ihavenoidea,buthewaswritingitlastweek.
3.复合句中主句从句时态不一致(时间状语,条件状语)
(13)Ifyoudon’tagreewithhim,norwillI.
(14)Whenyourecoverfromillness,youwillgotowork.
(15)Idon’tknowwhenhewillcomebackhome.
(16)Hetoldmethathehadbeenabroad.
(17)Itwillbealongtimebeforewemeetagain.
4.固定句型中常用的时态。
(18)Hardlyhadhegottothestationwhenthetrainleft.
NosoonerhadIfinishedmytestpaperthanthebellrang.
(19)Itisthreedayssincehecame.
Itwasfouryearssincehehadsmoked.
(20)Thisisthesecondtimethathehasmadethesamemistake
(21)Bytheendoflastweek,theymusthavefinishedtheproject,hadn’tthey?
(22)Bytheendofnextyear,hewillhavegraduatedfromcollege.
(23)Itwasnotlongbeforethewarwasover.
(24)Itwillbetwoweeksbeforehegoesabroad.
(25)IhadknownherforyearsbeforeIknewyou.
(26)ItwasonMarch18ththathelefthome.
Itisbecauseheworkshardthathedoeswellintheexam.
5.进行时态的几种用法:
(1)表示动作正在进行
IwasgivinganEnglishlessonatthistimeyesterday.
(2)表示将来的动作come/go/leave等非延续性动词常用于这种情况
Don’tworry.Thebusiscoming.
(3)与always连用,常有赞扬,责备,埋怨等感情
Sheisalwayshelpingothers.
Youarealwaysmakingstupidmistakes.
6.will/begoingto/betodo表示将来用法区别:
Willyouhelpmewithmylessons?(表意愿)
Iamgoingtobe40yearsoldnextyear.(表将来的客观事实)
Iamtomeetmyfriendsatthestation.(表计划、安排)
7.将来完成时和将来进行时态的用法
(1)Iwillbehavinganmeetingatthistimetomorrow.(侧重动作在将来某个时刻或时段正在进行)
(2)Bytheendofnextweek,wewillhavefinishedthetask.(侧重动作在将来某个人时刻已完成)
8.在具体的语境中判断时态
(1)—Iwon’tattendyourpartythisevening.
—Butyoupromised.
(2)Iwouldliketohavegonetoxian,butIwasbusy.
总之，实践出真知。只有在大量的训练中学会抓标志性词、寻找关键信息点、分析语境才能领会和掌握各种时态的结构和特点，从而达到熟练运用的地步。