本文主要研究内容
作者丛聪（2019）在《耕作方式及有机物还田对黑土坡耕地土壤物理性质和玉米生长的影响》一文中研究指出：黑土区坡耕地的可持续利用对东北乃至全国的粮食安全保障具有重大意义。近年来由于土地分散经营,农民长期采用小型农机浅旋、浅翻,导致土壤耕层变浅、紧实层上移、犁底层加厚,造成土壤蓄水能力变差,作物根系下扎受阻,严重影响作物的生长和产量形成。因此,亟需采用合理的耕作措施,保障黑土坡耕地的可持续利用。本文依托课题组在黑龙江省海伦市布设的田间定位试验,定期采集不同耕作方式（免耕,T0;旋耕,T15;翻耕,T20和T30;深松,ST15和ST20）以及有机物还田处理（无还田,NO;秸秆还田,St;牛粪还田,Cm）下不同层次的土壤样品,分析土壤孔隙度、团聚体等土壤物理指标在玉米生育期内动态变化以及不同耕作和有机物还田技术下玉米根系、产量等农学性状的影响情况,旨在探索适宜黑土坡耕地玉米生产的耕作还田技术。研究结果表明:（1）与常规旋耕相比,免耕不利于改善耕层土壤物理性质;深松、深翻可显著降低耕层土壤紧实度,增加深层土壤孔隙度并提高土壤持水与导水能力,且增加效果能够维持整个玉米生育季。所有处理中以翻耕20 cm+深松（ST20）改善效果最好。（2）有机物还田能够稳定土壤结构,增加团聚体稳定性,提高土壤含水量、孔隙度和饱和导水率,其中秸秆还田的增加幅度大于牛粪还田。秸秆还田在常规旋耕条件下显著影响020 cm土层土壤物理性质,而深松和深翻条件下能够影响至30 cm土层,影响效应能够维持整个玉米生育季。牛粪还田仅在010 cm土层对土壤物理性质产生显著影响,对土壤孔隙度和饱和导水率的增加效果能够维持至玉米生育后期。（3）不同耕作方式和有机物还田显著影响玉米茎秆及根系的生长。与常规旋耕相比,免耕处理不利于玉米茎秆及根系生长。深松、深翻对玉米株高和茎粗无显著影响,但促进玉米根系生长,增加根体积、根条数、根干重,降低根幅,其中以翻耕20 cm+深松（ST20）处理影响程度最大。有机物还田对玉米根系影响程度小于耕作处理,其中秸秆还田可增加根角,但降低根干重;牛粪还田增加根系干重和根冠比,但差异不显著。（4）不同耕作方式下玉米产量构成表现为:免耕提高玉米出苗率和穗数,但显著降低穗粒数;翻耕和深松对玉米出苗率、穗数和百粒重均无显著影响。各耕作方式间玉米产量为969910093kg·hm-1,但均无显著差异。有机物还田间表现为:秸秆还田降低玉米穗数和产量,降幅分别为6.8%和8.5%;牛粪还田增加玉米产量,但差异不显著。综合来看,采用翻耕20 cm+深松30 cm并增施牛粪（ST20-Cm）的处理可在稳定玉米产量的基础上改善耕层结构,构建出适合玉米生长的耕层环境,是黑土坡耕地玉米生产的最佳耕作还田方式。
Abstract
hei tu ou po geng de de ke chi xu li yong dui dong bei nai zhi quan guo de liang shi an quan bao zhang ju you chong da yi yi 。jin nian lai you yu tu de fen san jing ying ,nong min chang ji cai yong xiao xing nong ji jian xuan 、jian fan ,dao zhi tu rang geng ceng bian jian 、jin shi ceng shang yi 、li de ceng jia hou ,zao cheng tu rang xu shui neng li bian cha ,zuo wu gen ji xia za shou zu ,yan chong ying xiang zuo wu de sheng chang he chan liang xing cheng 。yin ci ,ji xu cai yong ge li de geng zuo cuo shi ,bao zhang hei tu po geng de de ke chi xu li yong 。ben wen yi tuo ke ti zu zai hei long jiang sheng hai lun shi bu she de tian jian ding wei shi yan ,ding ji cai ji bu tong geng zuo fang shi （mian geng ,T0;xuan geng ,T15;fan geng ,T20he T30;shen song ,ST15he ST20）yi ji you ji wu hai tian chu li （mo hai tian ,NO;jie gan hai tian ,St;niu fen hai tian ,Cm）xia bu tong ceng ci de tu rang yang pin ,fen xi tu rang kong xi du 、tuan ju ti deng tu rang wu li zhi biao zai yu mi sheng yo ji nei dong tai bian hua yi ji bu tong geng zuo he you ji wu hai tian ji shu xia yu mi gen ji 、chan liang deng nong xue xing zhuang de ying xiang qing kuang ,zhi zai tan suo kuo yi hei tu po geng de yu mi sheng chan de geng zuo hai tian ji shu 。yan jiu jie guo biao ming :（1）yu chang gui xuan geng xiang bi ,mian geng bu li yu gai shan geng ceng tu rang wu li xing zhi ;shen song 、shen fan ke xian zhe jiang di geng ceng tu rang jin shi du ,zeng jia shen ceng tu rang kong xi du bing di gao tu rang chi shui yu dao shui neng li ,ju zeng jia xiao guo neng gou wei chi zheng ge yu mi sheng yo ji 。suo you chu li zhong yi fan geng 20 cm+shen song （ST20）gai shan xiao guo zui hao 。（2）you ji wu hai tian neng gou wen ding tu rang jie gou ,zeng jia tuan ju ti wen ding xing ,di gao tu rang han shui liang 、kong xi du he bao he dao shui lv ,ji zhong jie gan hai tian de zeng jia fu du da yu niu fen hai tian 。jie gan hai tian zai chang gui xuan geng tiao jian xia xian zhe ying xiang 020 cmtu ceng tu rang wu li xing zhi ,er shen song he shen fan tiao jian xia neng gou ying xiang zhi 30 cmtu ceng ,ying xiang xiao ying neng gou wei chi zheng ge yu mi sheng yo ji 。niu fen hai tian jin zai 010 cmtu ceng dui tu rang wu li xing zhi chan sheng xian zhe ying xiang ,dui tu rang kong xi du he bao he dao shui lv de zeng jia xiao guo neng gou wei chi zhi yu mi sheng yo hou ji 。（3）bu tong geng zuo fang shi he you ji wu hai tian xian zhe ying xiang yu mi jing gan ji gen ji de sheng chang 。yu chang gui xuan geng xiang bi ,mian geng chu li bu li yu yu mi jing gan ji gen ji sheng chang 。shen song 、shen fan dui yu mi zhu gao he jing cu mo xian zhe ying xiang ,dan cu jin yu mi gen ji sheng chang ,zeng jia gen ti ji 、gen tiao shu 、gen gan chong ,jiang di gen fu ,ji zhong yi fan geng 20 cm+shen song （ST20）chu li ying xiang cheng du zui da 。you ji wu hai tian dui yu mi gen ji ying xiang cheng du xiao yu geng zuo chu li ,ji zhong jie gan hai tian ke zeng jia gen jiao ,dan jiang di gen gan chong ;niu fen hai tian zeng jia gen ji gan chong he gen guan bi ,dan cha yi bu xian zhe 。（4）bu tong geng zuo fang shi xia yu mi chan liang gou cheng biao xian wei :mian geng di gao yu mi chu miao lv he sui shu ,dan xian zhe jiang di sui li shu ;fan geng he shen song dui yu mi chu miao lv 、sui shu he bai li chong jun mo xian zhe ying xiang 。ge geng zuo fang shi jian yu mi chan liang wei 969910093kg·hm-1,dan jun mo xian zhe cha yi 。you ji wu hai tian jian biao xian wei :jie gan hai tian jiang di yu mi sui shu he chan liang ,jiang fu fen bie wei 6.8%he 8.5%;niu fen hai tian zeng jia yu mi chan liang ,dan cha yi bu xian zhe 。zeng ge lai kan ,cai yong fan geng 20 cm+shen song 30 cmbing zeng shi niu fen （ST20-Cm）de chu li ke zai wen ding yu mi chan liang de ji chu shang gai shan geng ceng jie gou ,gou jian chu kuo ge yu mi sheng chang de geng ceng huan jing ,shi hei tu po geng de yu mi sheng chan de zui jia geng zuo hai tian fang shi 。
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