本文主要研究内容
作者陈卓（2019）在《显花植物景观布局生态防控烟蚜及对烟蚜茧蜂生态适应性影响研究》一文中研究指出：烟草Nicotiana tabacum是我国重要的经济作物之一,是我国农业生产的重要组成部分。烟蚜Myzus persicae是为害烟草的主要害虫之一,在全国各烟区均有不同程度的发生,严重降低了生产烟叶的质量。目前防治烟蚜的主要手段仍是化学防治,随着化学杀虫剂的长期持续使用,使烟田生态系统遭到严重破坏,烟叶生产过程中的3R问题(R esidue,Resistance,Resurgence)日趋严重,化学防治烟蚜越来越困难,不利于烟叶生产的安全性和烟田生态系统的可持续发展。近年来,通过显花植物景观布局设计来实现生态控害的手段已被广泛研究应用,其主要目的是通过提供天敌昆虫可利用的食源和庇护所,实现天敌昆虫的保护利用,充分发挥农田生态系统的自然控害能力。本研究通过在凉山烟田进行景观布局设计,种植向日葵Helianthus annuus、万寿菊Tagetes erecta、罗勒Ocimum basilicum、香雪球Lobularia maritima显花植物三级农田缓冲带,同时设计放置天敌庇护岛,来引入天敌昆虫可利用的食源和庇护所;并在室内进一步研究这4种不同显花植物对烟蚜天敌烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis的生态适应性影响,其研究结果如下:(1)明确了凉山烟田害虫和天敌的种类及数量田间调查及鉴定结果表明,烟蚜是凉山烟田最主要的害虫,相对多度为63.40%。长期施用化学杀虫剂的烟田,天敌种类和数量极少,仅发现了烟蚜茧蜂和七星瓢虫两种天敌昆虫,相对多度分别为3.03%、0.22%。(2)明确了显花植物景观布局对烟田昆虫多样性的影响田间调查及鉴定结果表明,显花植物景观布局设计显著增加了烟田昆虫多样性,尤其是增加了烟田天敌昆虫和中性昆虫的种类及数量,显花植物景观布局示范烟田天敌昆虫、中性昆虫、害虫的相对多度分别为11.34%、6.58%、82.08%,无花对照烟田害虫的相对多度达到98.21%,天敌昆虫的相对多度仅为1.79%。显花植物景观布局示范烟田在物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数上显著高于无花对照烟田(22.00>15.30、2.1743>1.7786、0.7065>0.6545),在优势集中性指数上显著低于无花对照烟田(0.2060<0.2850)。(3)明确了显花植物景观布局对烟田烟蚜防治效果的影响研究结果表明,通过显花植物景观布局可有效防控烟田烟蚜,降低蚜情指数、有蚜株率、单株虫量,显花植物景观布局示范烟田在持续防控效应上优于化学防治烟田,同时提升了烟蚜茧蜂的田间防治效果,显花植物景观布局示范烟田烟蚜茧蜂防治效果在各统计时间比无花对照烟田要大,效果逐渐明显,在35 d达到45.86%,无花对照烟田为17.22%;化学防治烟田烟蚜茧蜂防控效果最差,在35 d仅为6.23%。显花植物景观布局示范烟田的虫口减退率、校正防治效果在前期低于化学防治烟田,但化学防治烟田在28d后蚜虫发生数量有所反弹,在35 d虫口减退率和校正防治效果分别为42.76%和51.66%;显花植物景观布局示范烟田虫口减退率和校正防治效果随着时间的变化逐渐增加,在35 d达到40.54%和49.79%,接近化学防治烟田。(4)研究了4种不同显花植物种类对烟蚜茧蜂寄生率、羽化率、雌成蜂比例、寿命的影响研究结果表明,向日葵、万寿菊、罗勒、香雪球这4种显花植物均能显著增加烟蚜茧蜂寄生率,其中万寿菊显花植物处理效果最为显著,接蜂15 d后,万寿菊显花植物处理烟蚜茧蜂寄生率为78.56%,其次为向日葵显花植物处理,为70.01%,香雪球和罗勒显花植物处理分别为63.68%和57.07%,空白对照为50.08%。4种显花植物均能显著增加烟蚜茧蜂羽化率,其中罗勒显花植物处理效果最为显著,烟蚜茧蜂羽化率为75.62%,万寿菊显花植物处理次之,为74.56%,空白对照为67.42%。4种显花植物均能显著增加烟蚜茧蜂雌成蜂比例,其中万寿菊显花植物处理效果最为显著,烟蚜茧蜂雌成蜂比例为59.25%,香雪球显花植物处理次之,为58.60%,空白对照为52.91%。取食4种显花植物均能延长烟蚜茧蜂雄蜂和雌蜂的平均寿命,其中取食万寿菊的效果最为显著,烟蚜茧蜂雄蜂和雌蜂的平均寿命分别达到184.53 h和184.73 h,取食向日葵次之,烟蚜茧蜂雄蜂和雌蜂的平均寿命分别达到182.27 h和171.60 h,而对照取食蒸馏水的烟蚜茧蜂雄蜂和雌蜂的平均寿命分别为85.73h和83.47h。
Abstract
yan cao Nicotiana tabacumshi wo guo chong yao de jing ji zuo wu zhi yi ,shi wo guo nong ye sheng chan de chong yao zu cheng bu fen 。yan ya Myzus persicaeshi wei hai yan cao de zhu yao hai chong zhi yi ,zai quan guo ge yan ou jun you bu tong cheng du de fa sheng ,yan chong jiang di le sheng chan yan xie de zhi liang 。mu qian fang zhi yan ya de zhu yao shou duan reng shi hua xue fang zhi ,sui zhao hua xue sha chong ji de chang ji chi xu shi yong ,shi yan tian sheng tai ji tong zao dao yan chong po huai ,yan xie sheng chan guo cheng zhong de 3Rwen ti (R esidue,Resistance,Resurgence)ri qu yan chong ,hua xue fang zhi yan ya yue lai yue kun nan ,bu li yu yan xie sheng chan de an quan xing he yan tian sheng tai ji tong de ke chi xu fa zhan 。jin nian lai ,tong guo xian hua zhi wu jing guan bu ju she ji lai shi xian sheng tai kong hai de shou duan yi bei an fan yan jiu ying yong ,ji zhu yao mu de shi tong guo di gong tian di kun chong ke li yong de shi yuan he bi hu suo ,shi xian tian di kun chong de bao hu li yong ,chong fen fa hui nong tian sheng tai ji tong de zi ran kong hai neng li 。ben yan jiu tong guo zai liang shan yan tian jin hang jing guan bu ju she ji ,chong zhi xiang ri kui Helianthus annuus、mo shou ju Tagetes erecta、luo le Ocimum basilicum、xiang xue qiu Lobularia maritimaxian hua zhi wu san ji nong tian huan chong dai ,tong shi she ji fang zhi tian di bi hu dao ,lai yin ru tian di kun chong ke li yong de shi yuan he bi hu suo ;bing zai shi nei jin yi bu yan jiu zhe 4chong bu tong xian hua zhi wu dui yan ya tian di yan ya jian feng Aphidius gifuensisde sheng tai kuo ying xing ying xiang ,ji yan jiu jie guo ru xia :(1)ming que le liang shan yan tian hai chong he tian di de chong lei ji shu liang tian jian diao cha ji jian ding jie guo biao ming ,yan ya shi liang shan yan tian zui zhu yao de hai chong ,xiang dui duo du wei 63.40%。chang ji shi yong hua xue sha chong ji de yan tian ,tian di chong lei he shu liang ji shao ,jin fa xian le yan ya jian feng he qi xing piao chong liang chong tian di kun chong ,xiang dui duo du fen bie wei 3.03%、0.22%。(2)ming que le xian hua zhi wu jing guan bu ju dui yan tian kun chong duo yang xing de ying xiang tian jian diao cha ji jian ding jie guo biao ming ,xian hua zhi wu jing guan bu ju she ji xian zhe zeng jia le yan tian kun chong duo yang xing ,you ji shi zeng jia le yan tian tian di kun chong he zhong xing kun chong de chong lei ji shu liang ,xian hua zhi wu jing guan bu ju shi fan yan tian tian di kun chong 、zhong xing kun chong 、hai chong de xiang dui duo du fen bie wei 11.34%、6.58%、82.08%,mo hua dui zhao yan tian hai chong de xiang dui duo du da dao 98.21%,tian di kun chong de xiang dui duo du jin wei 1.79%。xian hua zhi wu jing guan bu ju shi fan yan tian zai wu chong feng fu du 、duo yang xing zhi shu 、jun yun du zhi shu shang xian zhe gao yu mo hua dui zhao yan tian (22.00>15.30、2.1743>1.7786、0.7065>0.6545),zai you shi ji zhong xing zhi shu shang xian zhe di yu mo hua dui zhao yan tian (0.2060<0.2850)。(3)ming que le xian hua zhi wu jing guan bu ju dui yan tian yan ya fang zhi xiao guo de ying xiang yan jiu jie guo biao ming ,tong guo xian hua zhi wu jing guan bu ju ke you xiao fang kong yan tian yan ya ,jiang di ya qing zhi shu 、you ya zhu lv 、chan zhu chong liang ,xian hua zhi wu jing guan bu ju shi fan yan tian zai chi xu fang kong xiao ying shang you yu hua xue fang zhi yan tian ,tong shi di sheng le yan ya jian feng de tian jian fang zhi xiao guo ,xian hua zhi wu jing guan bu ju shi fan yan tian yan ya jian feng fang zhi xiao guo zai ge tong ji shi jian bi mo hua dui zhao yan tian yao da ,xiao guo zhu jian ming xian ,zai 35 dda dao 45.86%,mo hua dui zhao yan tian wei 17.22%;hua xue fang zhi yan tian yan ya jian feng fang kong xiao guo zui cha ,zai 35 djin wei 6.23%。xian hua zhi wu jing guan bu ju shi fan yan tian de chong kou jian tui lv 、jiao zheng fang zhi xiao guo zai qian ji di yu hua xue fang zhi yan tian ,dan hua xue fang zhi yan tian zai 28dhou ya chong fa sheng shu liang you suo fan dan ,zai 35 dchong kou jian tui lv he jiao zheng fang zhi xiao guo fen bie wei 42.76%he 51.66%;xian hua zhi wu jing guan bu ju shi fan yan tian chong kou jian tui lv he jiao zheng fang zhi xiao guo sui zhao shi jian de bian hua zhu jian zeng jia ,zai 35 dda dao 40.54%he 49.79%,jie jin hua xue fang zhi yan tian 。(4)yan jiu le 4chong bu tong xian hua zhi wu chong lei dui yan ya jian feng ji sheng lv 、yu hua lv 、ci cheng feng bi li 、shou ming de ying xiang yan jiu jie guo biao ming ,xiang ri kui 、mo shou ju 、luo le 、xiang xue qiu zhe 4chong xian hua zhi wu jun neng xian zhe zeng jia yan ya jian feng ji sheng lv ,ji zhong mo shou ju xian hua zhi wu chu li xiao guo zui wei xian zhe ,jie feng 15 dhou ,mo shou ju xian hua zhi wu chu li yan ya jian feng ji sheng lv wei 78.56%,ji ci wei xiang ri kui xian hua zhi wu chu li ,wei 70.01%,xiang xue qiu he luo le xian hua zhi wu chu li fen bie wei 63.68%he 57.07%,kong bai dui zhao wei 50.08%。4chong xian hua zhi wu jun neng xian zhe zeng jia yan ya jian feng yu hua lv ,ji zhong luo le xian hua zhi wu chu li xiao guo zui wei xian zhe ,yan ya jian feng yu hua lv wei 75.62%,mo shou ju xian hua zhi wu chu li ci zhi ,wei 74.56%,kong bai dui zhao wei 67.42%。4chong xian hua zhi wu jun neng xian zhe zeng jia yan ya jian feng ci cheng feng bi li ,ji zhong mo shou ju xian hua zhi wu chu li xiao guo zui wei xian zhe ,yan ya jian feng ci cheng feng bi li wei 59.25%,xiang xue qiu xian hua zhi wu chu li ci zhi ,wei 58.60%,kong bai dui zhao wei 52.91%。qu shi 4chong xian hua zhi wu jun neng yan chang yan ya jian feng xiong feng he ci feng de ping jun shou ming ,ji zhong qu shi mo shou ju de xiao guo zui wei xian zhe ,yan ya jian feng xiong feng he ci feng de ping jun shou ming fen bie da dao 184.53 hhe 184.73 h,qu shi xiang ri kui ci zhi ,yan ya jian feng xiong feng he ci feng de ping jun shou ming fen bie da dao 182.27 hhe 171.60 h,er dui zhao qu shi zheng liu shui de yan ya jian feng xiong feng he ci feng de ping jun shou ming fen bie wei 85.73hhe 83.47h。
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标签：烟蚜论文; 烟蚜茧蜂论文; 景观布局论文; 显花植物论文; 山东农业大学2019-07-08论文;